1 Front vowels Made by raising the front
1. Front vowels • Made by raising the front part of the tongue towards the top of your mouth • see • (i) sit • end • cat
2. Back vowels • Made by raising the back of the tongue towards the top of the mouth, usually with some lip rounding • fool • (u) full • fall • ( ) follow • part
3. Central vowels • Made by raising the central part of the tongue • ( )earth • about (only in unstressed syllable) • sun
7. Consonants with their usual sound • • • p b t d k g (as in got) f v w • • s z h m n l r
8. Special Consonant Symbols • ship • vision • cheap • jeep • • thin this sing yes
/i: / • sti: m • li: v • steam
/i: / • sti: m • li: v • ri: d • steam • leave
/i: / • • sti: m li: v ri: d scri: m • steam • leave • read
/i: / • • sti: m li: v ri: d scri: m • • steam leave read scream
/I/ • w. Im. In
/I/ • ` w. Im. In • g. Iv • women
/I/ • w. Im. In • g. Iv • st. Il • women • give
/I/ • • w. Im. In g. Iv st. Il tr. Ik • women • give • still
/I/ • • • w. Im. In g. Iv st. Il tr. Ik l. It • • women give still trick
/I/ • • • w. Im. In g. Iv st. Il tr. Ik l. It • • • women give still trick lit
/e/ • red
/e/ • red • hed • read (pres. tense)/red
/e/ • red • hed • Sed • read (pres. tense)/red • head
/e/ • • red hed Sed bred • read (pres. tense)/red • head • shed
/e/ • • • red hed Sed bred nek • • read (pres. tense)/red head shed bread
/e/ • • • red hed Sed bred nek • • • read (pres. tense)/red head shed bread neck
• • kæt læmp bæk bænd • cat • lamp • back
• • • kæt læmp bæk bænd sæd • • cat lamp back band
• • • kæt læmp bæk bænd sæd • • • cat lamp back band sad
/u: / • tu: l • spu: n • tool
/u: / • tu: l • spu: n • ru: d • tool • spoon
/u: / • • tu: l spu: n ru: d nju: • tool • spoon • rude
/u: / • • • tu: l spu: n ru: d nju: flu: • • tool spoon rude new
/u: / • • • tu: l spu: n ru: d nju: flu: • • • tool spoon rude new flew
/U/. SUd
/U/. SUd. st. Ud • should
/U/. SUd. st. Ud. k. Ud • should • stood
/U/. SUd. st. Ud. k. Ud. f. Ut • should • stood • could
/U/. SUd. st. Ud. k. Ud. f. Ut. t. Uk • • should stood could foot
/U/. SUd. st. Ud. k. Ud. f. Ut. t. Uk • • • should stood could foot took
/ : / S : (r) l : f : t t : t • shore • law • fought
/ : / S : (r) l : f : t t : t • • shore law fought taught
/ : / S : (r) l : f : t t : t b : t • • shore law fought taught
/ : / S : (r) l : f : t t : t b : t • • • shore law fought taught bought
/ / • • g t r t str N bl k • got • rot • strong
/ / • • • g t r t str N bl k d • • got rot strong block
/ / • • • g t r t str N bl k d • • • got rot strong block odd
/A: / • st. A: (r) • p. A: st A: sk • star • past
/A: / • st. A: (r) • p. A: st A: sk st. A: f • star • past • ask
/A: / • st. A: (r) • p. A: st A: sk st. A: f p. A: k • • star past ask staff
/A: / • st. A: (r) • p. A: st A: sk st. A: f p. A: k • • • star past ask staff park
/ : / • • θ : d : n l : n h : d S : t • • third earn learn heard
/ : / • • θ : d : n l : n h : d S : t • • • third earn learn heard shirt
/ / S t f n • shut
/ / S t f n st N • shut • fun
/ / S t f n st N S v • shut • fun • stung
/ / S t f n st N S v `l nd n • • shut fun stung shove
/ / S t f n st N S v l nd n • • • shut fun stung shove London
/ / • bet (r ) • tæk • better
/ / • bet (r ) • tæk • tempt • better • attack
/ / • • bet (r ) tæk tempt r. A: (r) • better • attack • attempt
/ / • • • bet (r ) tæk tempt r. A: (r) s m (r) • • better attack attempt rather
/ / • • • bet (r ) tæk tempt r. A: (r) s m (r) • • • better attack attempt rather summer
/z/ • ni: z • h. Qz • knees
/z/ • ni: z • h. Qz • zi: br • knees • has
/z/ • • ni: z h. Qz zi: br bri: z • knees • has • zebra
/z/ • • • ni: z h. Qz zi: br bri: z v. A: z • • knees has zebra breeze
/z/ • • • ni: z h. Qz zi: br bri: z v. A: z • • • knees has zebra breeze vase
/s/ • m. Is • s : kl • miss
/s/ • m. Is • s : kl • s : • miss • circle
/s/ • • m. Is s : kl s : sti: l • miss • circle • saw
/s/ • • • m. Is s : kl s : sti: l l s • • miss circle saw /sore steal/steel
/s/ • • • m. Is s : kl s : sti: l l s • • • miss circle saw /sore steal/steel loss
/θ/ • • θ : t b. A: θ θIk θ : st • thought • bath • thick
/θ/ • • • θ : t b. A: θ θIk θ : st θIN • • thought bath thick thirst
/θ/ • • • θ : t b. A: θ θIk θ : st θIN • • • thought bath thick thirst thing
/D/ Den
/D/ Den w. ID • then
/D/ Den w. ID Dem • then • with
/D/ Den w. ID Dem D s • then • with • them
/D/ Den w. ID Dem D s Dæt • • then with then thus
/D/ Den w. ID Dem D s Dæt • • • then with then thus that
/j/ • jes
/j/ • jes • ju: • yes
/j/ • • jes ju: θ j t • yes • youth
/j/ • • • jes ju: θ j t j. A: d • • yes youth yacht
/j/ • • • jes ju: θ j t j. A: d • • • yes youth yacht yard
/N/ • θIN • f. INg • thing
/N/ • θIN • f. INg • br. IN • thing • finger
/N/ • • θIN f. INg br. IN r N • thing • finger • bring
/N/ • • • θIN f. INg br. IN r N ræN • • thing finger bring wrong
/N/ • • • θIN f. INg br. IN r N ræN • • • thing finger bring wrong rang
/S/ S : t Ug (r) • shirt
/S/ S : t Ug (r) r S • shirt • sugar
/S/ S : t Ug (r) r S f. IS • shirt • sugar • rush
/S/ S : t Ug (r) r S f. IS S k • • shirt sugar rush fish
/S/ S : t Ug (r) r S f. IS S k • • • shirt sugar rush fish shock
/Z/ • r. I v. I n • me (r) • revision
/Z/ • r. I v. I n • me. Z (r) • tre. Z (r) • revision • measure
/Z/ • • r. I v. I n me. Z (r) tre. Z (r) ple. Z (r) • revision • measure • treasure
/Z/ • • r. I v. I n me. Z (r) tre. Z (r) ple. Z (r) • • revision measure treasure pleasure
/t. S/ • t. Si: z • w t. S • cheese
/t. S/ • t. Si: z • w t. S • st. It. S • cheese • watch
/t. S/ • • t. Si: z w t. S st. It. Su: z • cheese • watch • stitch
/t. S/ • • • t. Si: z w t. S st. It. Su: z t. S : k • • cheese watch stitch choose
/t. S/ • • • t. Si: z w t. S st. It. Su: z t. S : k • • • cheese watch stitch choose chalk
/d. Z/ • d. Zæm • d. Z : d. Z • d. Z • Jam • George
/d. Z/ • • d. Zæm d. Z : d. Z r. Id. Z • jam • George • judge
/d. Z/ • • • d. Zæm d. Z : d. Z r. Id. Zel. I • • jam George judge ridge
/d. Z/ • • • d. Zæm d. Z : d. Z r. Id. Zel. I • • • jam George judge ridge jelly
DIPHTHONGS A diphthong is a sound produced when the mouth moves from the position for one vowel into the position for another vowel
/e. I/ The tongue moves from the position for /e/ to the position for /I/
/a. I/ The tongue moves from the position for /æ/ to the position for /I/
/ I/ The tongue moves from the position for / : / to the position for /I/
Which sounds do these words contain? oyster plain sign reign avoid strange coin coy try stay joy why boil annoy main sky neighbour mine
/e. I/ plain reign strange stay main neighbour /a. I/ sign try why sky nine / I/ avoid oyster coin coy joy boil annoy
I’d die for a nice slice of pie The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain A noisy noise annoys an oyster
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