1 Forensic Science Fundamentals Investigations 2 e Chapter

Chapter 14 Forensic Anthropology By the end of this chapter you will be able

Introduction o o o Forensic anthropology uses skeletal anatomy to identify remains. After bones

Characteristics of Bone o Bones: • • • 6 Provide the framework for our

How Bones Connect o A joint is the location where bones meet. • •

Number and Development of Bones o o o 8 A baby has 270 bones.

9 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western

Bones and Biological Profiles o Bones contain a "diary” of injuries, disease, and nutritional

How to Distinguish Males from Females o o o 11 The overall appearance of

12 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western

13 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western

14 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western

Pelvis o 15 Examining the pelvis is one of the most reliable methods of

16 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western

17 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western

Pelvis (continued) o To distinguish between the male and female pelvis, compare the following:

Bones and Geography o Bones indicate were you have eaten your food. • •

Estimating Age 20 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights

Teeth 21 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved

Skull Suture Marks 22 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All

Skull Suture Marks 23 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All

How to Distinguish Ancestry 24 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14

How to Estimate Height 25 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14

Skeletal Analysis and Identification o o o 26 Comparative Radiography Nonimaged Records Comparison DNA

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Chapter 14 Forensic Anthropology By the end of this chapter you will be able to: 14. 1 Summarize the information a forensic anthropologist derives from skeletal remains to construct a biological profile. 14. 2 Distinguish among growth plates, bone caps, bone shafts, and sutures, and explain their significance forensic anthropology. 14. 3 Compare and contrast an adult’s skeleton and a child’s skeleton in terms of composition, number of bones, suture marks, and growth plates. 2 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Chapter 14 Forensic Anthropology By the end of this chapter you will be able to: 14. 4 Apply knowledge of bone growth (ossification) to estimate the age of the deceased at the time of death based on skeletal remains. 14. 5 Apply appropriate formulas to estimate the height of a person based on individual bone length. 14. 6 Distinguish between male and female skeletal remains based on the structure, the size and shape of the skull, the pelvis, and the long bones. 3 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Chapter 14 Vocabulary o o o 4 biological profile diaphysis epiphysis forensic anthropology growth plate (epiphyseal plate) o o Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 joints ossification osteoporosis skeletal trauma analysis All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Introduction o o o Forensic anthropology uses skeletal anatomy to identify remains. After bones are identified as human, the shape, structure, condition, and measurements of the remains are recorded. Other means of identifying remains include: • • 5 DNA extraction Serial numbers of implanted medical devices Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Characteristics of Bone o Bones: • • • 6 Provide the framework for our bodies Anchor our muscles to allow movement Protect our vital organs Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

How Bones Connect o A joint is the location where bones meet. • • • 7 Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Number and Development of Bones o o o 8 A baby has 270 bones. Adults have 206 bones. For some bones, ossification takes more than 50 years. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Bones and Biological Profiles o Bones contain a "diary” of injuries, disease, and nutritional deficiencies. • • • 10 Broken bones Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Rickets Severe anemia Cancer Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

How to Distinguish Males from Females o o o 11 The overall appearance of the adult female’s skeleton tends to be more slender than that of an adult male’s skeleton. Muscles tend to be more developed in the male. The determination of sex by skeletal remains can only be done if the deceased is passed puberty. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Pelvis o 15 Examining the pelvis is one of the most reliable methods of determining the sex of an adult skeleton. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Pelvis (continued) o To distinguish between the male and female pelvis, compare the following: • • 18 Subpubic angle Length, width, shape, and angle of the sacrum Width of the ilieum Angle of the sciatic notch Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Bones and Geography o Bones indicate were you have eaten your food. • • • 19 Strontium Carbon-13 Carbon-12 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

Skeletal Analysis and Identification o o o 26 Comparative Radiography Nonimaged Records Comparison DNA Analysis Photographic or Video Superimposition Craniofacial Reconstruction Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2 e Chapter 14 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016