1 CONTENTS Lesson 1 Public Housing Improvement in

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CONTENTS • Lesson 1 – Public Housing - Improvement in Quality of Life • • • Public housing to provide affordable living Public housing to meet population explosion Public housing to meet changing society The new generation of public housing in Hong Kong Class activity • Debate on Housing Issues in Hong Kong | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life 2

Public housing to provide affordable living | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to provide affordable living 3

Public Housing provides affordable living places for the lower middle income portion of the population. In Hong Kong. it is usually constructed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority for non-profit purposes and is rented in a subsidized price. | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to provide affordable living 4

Wah Fu Estate a public housing estate in Hong Kong built in the 1970 s. | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to provide affordable living 5

Public Housing to meet population explosion | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 6

What happened in the 1940 s and 1950 s? 1945 1949 1951 1953 | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 7

How did people live in the 1950 s? Cha Kwo Ling Village - a squatter settlement © Raymond Wong | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 8

[Discussion] What did the Government do to help these homeless and lower income people? | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 9

Formation of the Hong Kong Housing Authority • Beginning in 1954, two government organizations — the Resettlement Department and the former Housing Authority — worked together on public housing projects for nearly 20 years. • In 1973, a new Housing Authority and a unified Housing Department were established. | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 10

Formation of the Hong Kong Housing Society • The Hong Kong Housing Society is a non-government and non profit housing organization • It established in 1948 and incorporated by ‘Hong Kong Ordinance Chapter 1059’ in 1951. • The Housing Society provides complementary housing through a number of its own innovative schemes. • As a partner of the Government, the Housing Society builds self contained homes for the people in need at non-prohibitive rates. | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 11

Public Housing to meet changing society | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 12

Mark I Residential Block since 1954 H-shaped Mark I residential blocks | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 13

H-shaped Mark I Residential Block Floor Plan © Hong Kong Housing Authority | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 14

Narrow corridor | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion

Domestic unit accommodated a family of 5 | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion

North Point Estate (demolished) © Hong Kong Housing Authority | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 17

Mark II Residential Block since 1950 s Mark II residential blocks resemble the character ‘日’ Wang Tau Hom Estate, Wong Tai Sin | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 18

H-shaped Mark II Residential Block Floor Plan | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet population explosion 19

Domestic unit Permeable wall tiles | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 20

Mark III Residential Block since 1960 s Tsz Wan Shan, Wong Tai Sin © Hong Kong Housing Authority | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 21

Mark IV Residential Block since 1960 s | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 22

Tung Tau Estate Block 23, Wong Tai Sin © Hong Kong Housing Authority | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society

Mark V Resettlement Block since 1960 s Sau Mau Ping (I) Estate © Hong Kong Housing Authority | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 24

Mark VI Resettlement Block since 1960 s Pak Tin Estate, Shek Kip Mei © Hong Kong Housing Authority | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 25

Twin-tower Residential Block in the 1970 s | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 26

Mark VI Residential Block since 1960 s Countryard Arcade Bus Stop Wah Fu Estate • The buildings were built in slab-shaped and twin tower residential block design. | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 27

[Discussion] What were the historical events, or social and economic changes that triggered the evolution of public housing since 1954? | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - Public Housing to meet changing society 28

New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 29

Linear arrangement of slab blocks in the 1980 s Arrangements for 2 slab blocks | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 30

Arrangements for 3 slab blocks | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 31

Single-loaded Corridor | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 32

Trident style, three identical arms from one central lift core | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 33

Typical domestic unit model | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 34

Long Ping Estate, trident residential blocks | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 35

Harmony blocks in the 1990 s Harmony style, four identical arms from one central lift core | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 36

Kai Yip Estate, old cruciform residential blocks | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 37

Concord blocks in the 1990 s Noise from traffic Typical Concord cruciform residential block floor plan Single Aspect Block using Concord modular flats to allow buffer from noise source due to unit orientation | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 38

Typical domestic unit model | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 39

Concord residential block, Wo Ming Court | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 40

Site-specific style in the 2000 s The principles of modular flat and site-specific design for public customization in public rental housing: • making the best use of valuable land resources, • substantive improvements to the built environment, • buildability, • cost effectiveness, • user-friendliness, • adopting findings from Resident Surveys | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 41

Modular design 1 -2 person flat unit module 2 -3 person flat unit module 1 -bedroom flat unit module 2 -bedroom flat unit module | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 42

Project Brief • Reception Estate for lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate (LNTK) • Specific flat mix requirement from LTNK tenants Example: Redevelopment of Upper and Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate (Source: Hong Kong Housing Authority) | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 43

Micro-climate studies for the redevelopment of Upper Ngau Tau Kok Estate | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 44

Panel Wall Modular Flat Design for Upper and Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 45

The redeveloped Upper Ngau Tau Kok Estate: 1 Overall master planning 2 Outdoor open space 3 Universal design of flats for elderly [Discussion] What are the pros and cons of this Modular Flat Design? | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Lesson 1 - New Generations of Public Housing in Hong Kong 46

[Class activity: Debate on Housing Issues in Hong Kong] • Explain rationale and opinions of different stakeholders of housing issue in Hong Kong • Refer to the government policy on housing in the worksheet • Divide the class into four groups: Representatives of the Housing Authority, Tenants of the PRH flats, Applicants awaiting for the PRH flat allocation and Jury | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| Class activity: Debate on Housing Issues in Hong Kong 47

Representatives of the Housing Authority • one representing an architect • two representing policy makers | Conservation and revitalization of architecture | 48

Tenants of the PRH flats • one representing a low-income retired person • one representing a family with increasing household income • one representing a family that wish to own their home | Conservation and revitalization of architecture | 49

Applicants awaiting for the PRH flat allocation • one representing a low-income retired person living in a cage home • one representing a family of 5 living in a sub-divided unit • one representing a person who wants to own his/her own flat but his/her income slightly exceeds the prescribed limit for PRH flat | Conservation and revitalization of architecture | 50

Jury (the rest of the class) • commenting on their points of view from the three groups • of stakeholders • suggesting what public housing policy should be made | Conservation and revitalization of architecture | 51

Summary • The Housing Authority aims at providing affordable and pleasant housing to lower and middle income people. • The idea of providing public housing started in the 1950 s due to a population boom. • Over the past decades, living quality has been gradually improved in public housing through evolving design for residential blocks. | Public Housing – Improvement in Quality of Life| 52