1 Climate and Building Design 2 Principles of

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Climate and Building Design 2

Principles of Eco-Friendly design n PRINCIPLE 1. WORKING WITH THE SUN. n n n The contribution of the sun to a house’s internal heat is called the solar gain. A fundamental principle of solar design is that it aims to maximize the solar gain in the winter and minimize it in the summer. To achieve this solar design combines three strategies- glazing, orientation, and thermal mass. Understanding how the sun moves through the house is key to maximizing energy efficiency. Working with the sun. Skylights are used to heat and light the double-height bedroom and mezzanine. 3

n Orientation refers to the location of a house and direction to which a house points. n Only surfaces facing South receive sun all year round. The dominant direction of the sun is from the South, especially in winter. n solar panels and windows that will capture solar warming in winter, should face as close to South as possible. n Surfaces facing South-East or South-West receive 10% less solar energy during the year than surfaces facing due South. . n Surfaces facing North are in the shade all year round. n The winter sun is low, the summer sun is high. n Vertical South facing windows work best for maximizing solar heating in the winter as they capture the low winter sun. n We can sum up these principles to say: a well functioning eco house will have as much of its glazing as possible in vertical windows facing between South East to South West, and as few windows as possible facing North East through to North West High performance doubleglazed windows with wooden frames help us conserve energy 4

PRINCIPLES: 2. THERMAL MASS n n n The thermal mass of the house is a measure of its capacity to store and regulate internal heat. Buildings with a high thermal mass take a long time to heat up but also take a long time to cool down. Thermal Flywheel. Eco-buildings are usually designed to have a high thermal mass. n n n To hold over daytime solar gain for night time heating. To keep houses cool during the day in summer. In the extreme case of desert regions where daily temperatures can vary by up to 40°, traditional houses are usually designed to have extremely thick walls to moderate the internal temperature. 5

PRINCIPLE: 3. STACK EFFECT When air warms it expands, becomes less dense than the surrounding air, and rises. This process is called convection and is the main process by which heat moves around a room and the house. When rooms are sealed, convection is a sealed circuit of hot air rising over radiators and then sinking as it cools to be heated again. 6

PRINCIPLES: 4. THERMAL ZONING n Thermal zoning tries to ensure the best match possible between the distribution of rooms and the distribution of the available heat. 7

PRINCIPLE 5. EMBODIED ENERGY n n The embodied energy of a building material is the energy that has been required to extract, process, and manufacture it and then to transport it to the building site. The embodied energy in the structure of a new house is considerable, exceeding the total energy required to heat that house for the next 20 years. If we want to reduce the total environmental impact of a building, we must consider the impact of the materials that have gone into its construction. Clearly no house can claim to be an eco-house if it is constructed from materials that had a major environmental impact 8 elsewhere.

n n n In terms of the energy of manufacture, the highest embodied energy is found in metals (steel requires 57, 000 k. Wh to produce one cubic meter), and highly processed industrial products (hardboard and MDF require 2, 000 k. Wh to produce 1 m 3). The middle range of materials are simpler to make but require a lot energy in their manufacture (bricks and concrete blocks need 700 k. Wh/m 3). The lowest embodied energy is in materials that require only simple processing (building timber needs 180 k. Wh/m 3 ) or those made from salvaged materials or local natural materials, which require virtually no energy. Cement and Concrete, which has a mid range embodied energy, but a disproportionately high impact on climate change. When limestone is burnt to make lime it releases an equal weight in carbon dioxide. Taken as a whole, the cement industry produces 5% of the worlds human carbon dioxide emissions. Timber has a low embodied energy, but can have a very high environmental 9 impact if taken from old growth forests.

n n n Avoid materials that have the highest embodied energy Use salvaged materials. Salvaged materials effectively have no embodied energy other than transport and should be used whenever possible. They can be obtained from local demolition sites or council dumps. Use local raw materials in any new building. For new building (such as extensions), use local materials such as local stone, straw bales, mud bricks, etc and prepare them on the site. 10

Six Decision Principles. n n n ONE: THE BEST MATERIALS ARE RE-USED TWO: ENERGY CONSERVATION HAS PRIORITY IN THE ECO-HOUSE THREE: ASPIRE TO SELF SUFFICIENCY FOUR: LIVE LIKE GRANNY! ( Grand Parents) FIVE: IF YOU DO IT NEW, DO IT WELL SIX: RESPECT THE ECO-HOUSE NO-NOS 11

Basic Design principles for different climates HOT HUMID: n MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: n High humidity with a degree of "dry season". n High temperatures year round. n Minimum seasonal temperature variation. n Lowest diurnal (day/night) temperature range. KEY DESIGN PURPOSES: n n n Employ lightweight (low mass) construction. Maximize external wall areas (plans with one room depth are ideal) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation). Site for exposure to breezes and shading all year. Shade whole building summer & winter (consider using a fly roof). Use reflective insulation & vapour barriers. 12

n n n n Ventilate roof spaces. Use bulk insulation if mechanically cooling. Choose light colored roof and wall materials. Elevate building to permit airflow beneath floors. Consider high or raked ceilings. Provide screened, shaded outdoor living areas. Consider creating sleep out spaces. Design and build for cyclonic conditions. 13

WARM HUMID CLIMATE n n n MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: High humidity with a definite "dry season". Hot to very hot summers with mild winters Distinct summer/winter seasons. Moderate to low diurnal (day/night) temperature range. 14

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES: n n n n Use lightweight construction where diurnal (day/night) temperature range is low and include thermal mass where diurnal range is significant. Maximize external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation). Site for exposure to breezes. Shade whole building where possible in summer. Allow passive solar access in winter months only. Shade all east & west walls & glass year round. Avoid auxiliary heating as it is unnecessary with good design. Use reflective and bulk insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned) and vapor barriers. Use Elevated construction with enclosed floor space, where exposed to breezes. Choose light colored roof and wall materials 15 Provide screened and shaded outdoor living.

HOT DRY, WARM WINTER n n n MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: Distinct wet and dry seasons. Low rainfall and low humidity. No extreme cold but can be cool in winter. Hot to very hot summers common. Significant diurnal (day/night) range. 16

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES: n Use passive solar design with insulated thermal mass. n Maximize cross ventilation. n n Consider convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air while drawing in cooler air. Site home for solar access and exposure to cooling breezes. Shade all east & west glass in summer. Install reflective insulation to keep out heat in summer. n n Use bulk insulation in ceilings and walls. Build screened, shaded summer outdoor living areas that allow winter 17

HOT DRY, COLD WINTER (Hot Arid) n n n n n MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: Low humidity year round. High diurnal (day/night) temperature range. At least two (usually four) distinct seasons. Low rainfall. Very hot summers common. Cold winters. Hot, dry winds in summer. Cool to cold dry winds in winter. 18

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES n n n n Use passive solar principles with well insulated thermal mass. Maximize night time cooling in summer. Consider convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air while drawing in cooler air. Build more compact shaped buildings with good cross ventilation for summer. Maximize solar access, exposure to cooling breezes or cool air drainage, and protection from strong winter (cold) and summer (dusty) winds. Shade all east & west glass in summer. Provide shaded outdoor living areas. Consider adjustable shading to control solar access. Auxiliary heating may be required in extreme climates. Use renewable energy sources. Use evaporative cooling if required. Avoid air-conditioning. Use reflective insulation for effective summer and winter application. Use bulk insulation for ceilings, walls and exposed floors. Use garden ponds and water features in shaded outdoor courtyards to provide evaporative cooling. Draught seal thoroughly. Use airlocks to entries. 19

TEMPERATE (WARM TEMPERATE) n n n MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: Low diurnal (day/night) temperature range near coast to high diurnal range inland. Four distinct seasons. Summer and winter can exceed human comfort range. Spring and autumn are ideal for human comfort. Mild to cool winters with low humidity. Hot to very hot summers with moderate humidity. 20

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES: n n n n Use passive solar principles. High thermal mass solutions are recommended. Use high insulation levels, especially to thermal mass. Maximize north facing walls & glazing, especially in living areas with passive solar access. Minimize all east & west glazing. Use adjustable shading. Use heavy drapes with sealed pelmets to insulate windows. Minimize external wall areas (especially E & W). Use cross ventilation & passive cooling in summer. Encourage convective ventilation and heat circulation. Site new homes for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold winds. Draught seal thoroughly and use entry airlocks No auxiliary heating or cooling is required in these climates with good design Use reflective insulation to keep out summer heat. Use bulk insulation to keep heat in during winter. Bulk insulate walls, ceilings 21 and exposed floors

COOL TEMPERATE n n n n MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: Low humidity. High diurnal range. Four distinct seasons. Summer and winter exceed human comfort range Cold to very cold winters with majority of rainfall. Hot dry summers. Variable spring and autumn conditions. 22

KEY DESIGN RESPONSE n n n n n Use passive solar principles. High thermal mass is strongly recommended. Insulate thermal mass including slab edges. Maximize north facing walls & glazing, especially in living areas with passive solar access. Minimize east & west glazing. Use adjustable shading. Minimize south facing glazing. Use double glazing, insulating frames and/or heavy drapes with sealed pelmets to insulate glass in winter. Minimize external wall areas (especially E & W). Use cross ventilation & night time cooling in summer. Encourage convective ventilation & heat circulation. Site new homes for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold winds. Draught seal thoroughly and provide airlocks to entries Install auxiliary heating in extreme climates. Use renewable energy sources. Use reflective insulation to keep out heat in summer. 23 Use bulk insulation to keep heat in during winter. Bulk insulate walls, ceilings and

24 The Built Environment as a Technological System (Pearce 1999, adapted from Yeang 1995, Roberts

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Building Structural/Construction Systems n n n The combinations of materials used to build the main elements of our homes: roof, walls and floor are referred to as construction systems. They are many and varied and each has advantages and disadvantages depending on climate, distance from source of supply, budget and desired style and appearance. The different building systems are: The traditional kacha houses with walls of sun dried mud ( adobe) and wooden roof. Wooden frames provided as bonds at different levels along the length of walls. Bhonga houses with conical roof of inner dia 3 to 6 m with adobe walls and bamboo framed roof covered with thatch. The walls also having wooden frames. 26

n n n Single story brick/ Block masonry houses with reinforced concrete roofs. Ext. Wall: 13. 5 in , Int. Walls: 9 in Block masonry: 8 in – Wooden roof truss with CGI sheets or RCC 4 in thick slab. Stone masonry walls and Wooden and CGI sheets roofs. Stone masonry walls and RCC roofs Reinforced Concrete Structures. Frame structures with columns, beams and slab connections. 27

n n n n Conditions in selection of structural systems 1. Soil conditions 2. The program and concept 3. Applicable codes 4. Potential code changes 5. Flexibility 6. Impact on finished-ceiling and building height 7. Material delivery and construction timing 8. Local construction capabilities and preferences 9. Ease of construction and schedule 10. Cost of the selected system 11. Cost impact on other systems 12. Appearance and aesthetic potential 28

Environmental Considerations in Selecting the Building Structure System n n n n Make more efficient use of existing materials. Minimize the amount of waste. Use materials with least environmental impact. Consider both operational and whole lifecycle performance of materials and designs. Use fully recycled materials or materials with recycled content. Re-use whole buildings or parts thereof to reduce consumption of new materials. Choose materials with a lifespan equivalent to the projected life of the building. Design to extend building lifespan (current average 50 years aim for 100+). 29

n n n n Design and build for de-construction, re-use, adaptation, modification and recycling. Encourage development of new, efficient, low impact materials and applications by creating demand. Consider how and where the materials are sourced and the impacts this causes. Minimize the energy used to transport materials by using locally produced material. Use of lightweight material where appropriate also reduces transportation energy. Minimize the energy used to heat and cool the building by using materials that effectively modify climate extremes. Understand how chemicals used in the manufacture of some materials might affect your health. Minimize or eliminate emissions during use and manufacture. 30

Mud brick (Adobe) n n The ideal building material would be 'borrowed' from the environment and replaced after use. There would be little or no processing of the raw material and all the energy inputs would be directly, or indirectly, from the sun. This ideal material would also be cheap. Mud bricks come close to this ideal, or they can do. The appearance of mud bricks reflects the material they are made from. They are thus earthy, with color determined by color of clays and sands in the mix. Finished walls can express the brick patterns very strongly at one extreme or be made into a smoothly 31

Performance parameters of Mud n n n n Structural capability With thick enough walls, mud brick can create load bearing structures up to several stories high. Thermal mass Adobe walls can provide moderate to high thermal mass, but for most climatic conditions, as a rule of thumb, walls should be a minimum of 300 mm ( 12 in) thick to provide effective thermal mass. Insulation Contrary to popular belief mud bricks are not good insulators. Since they are extremely dense they lack the ability to trap air within their structure. Insulation can be added to adobe walls with linings. Fire and vermin resistance Since earth does not burn, and earth walls do not readily provide habitat for vermin, mud brick walls generally have excellent fire and vermin resistance. 32

n n n n Durability and moisture resistance Adobe walls are capable of providing structural support for centuries but they need protection from extreme weather (eg. with deep eaves) or continuous maintenance (the ancient structures of the Yemen have been repaired continuously for the centuries they have been standing). As a general rule, adobe needs protection from driving rain (although some adobe soils are very resistant to weathering) and should not be exposed to continuous high moisture. Breath-ability and toxicity Mud bricks make 'breathable' walls but some mud brick recipes include bitumen, which potentially results in some out gassing of hydrocarbons. Ideally earth should be used in its natural state or as near it as can be achieved. Sustainability (Environmental impacts) Mud bricks have the potential to provide the lowest impact of all construction materials. Adobe should not contain any organic matter Build-ability, availability and cost Mud bricks provide a forgiving construction medium well suited to ownerbuilder construction. 33

n n n Concrete slab floors come in many forms and can be used to provide great thermal comfort and lifestyle advantages. Benefits: n n n Thermal Mass describes the potential of a material to store and re-release thermal energy. Highest here Durability is one of the other main advantages of concrete slabs. Termite resistance is achieved with concrete slabs by designing and constructing them in accordance with the code. 34

Design parameters of Concrete slabs n n n Passive solar design principles and high mass construction work well together, and concrete slabs are generally the easiest way to add thermal mass to a house. Natural ventilation must be provided for in the design Insulation of the slab edge is important in cooler climates, to prevent warmth escaping through the edges of the slab Balconies extended from the main slab of a house may act as cooling or heating fins, carrying precious warmth away to the cold exterior during winter, or transferring heat from summer sun inside. Acoustics need to be considered. 35

Clay brick n n n Clay brickwork is made from selected clays that are molded or cut into shape and fired in ovens. The firing process transforms the clay into a building component with high compressive strength and excellent weathering qualities, attributes that have been exploited for millennia to build structures ranging from single-storey huts to enormous viaducts. Clay brickwork is most widely used in external cladding and load bearing wall medium and continues to enjoy rapid growth in its use. 36

Performance Summary n n n Appearance Clay brickwork is available in a great variety of natural colors and textures derived from fired clay used in combination with cement mortar joints of various colors and finishes. Structural capability The high compressive strength of fired clay bricks has been exploited for millennia to build structures ranging from single-storey huts to massive public buildings and enormous bridges and viaducts. Thermal mass Clay brickwork has high thermal mass. Insulation Clay brickwork, combined with internal and external air films and a cavity, has moderate thermal resistance. Sound insulation Due to their mass, clay bricks provide excellent sound insulation, particularly for low frequency noise. Vermin resistance 37 Clay brickwork consists of dense inorganic materials that do not harbour vermin.

n n n n Sustainability (environmental impacts) Clay brick manufacture uses energy but the investment of embodied energy is repaid by the longevity of the material. Clay brick homes have a long life and low maintenance costs making them a potentially sustainable form of construction. Option 1 : Brick veneer/timber frame/concrete slab Option 2 Brick veneer/steel frame/concrete slab Option 3 Double brick/concrete slab Option 4 Timber clad/steel frame/concrete slab Option 5 Timber clad/timber frame/concrete slab 38

Lightweight timber n n Wooden structures have been used in all kinds of building types for many years. In a world living with the effects of global warming, timber provides a renewable building material that stores carbon in its production. 39

Performance Summary n n n n Appearance Aesthetically, timber possesses a natural attractiveness that people readily relate to. Structural capability Timber has good compressive strength but is strongest in tension Thermal mass In general timber has low thermal mass Insulation Timber is a natural insulator due to air pockets within its cellular structure Sound insulation The sound insulation of walls is usually obtained by providing a barrier of sufficient mass to absorb the sound energy. Fire Resistance: very low Durability and moisture resistance Timber is an organic material and deteriorates due to weathering. 40 Toxicity and breath ability: Timber is generally non-toxic.

Sustainability (environmental impacts) n n n Timber is a renewable building resource that absorbs carbon it its production. A lightweight timber construction can be built for deconstruction, and timbers from the construction reused or recycled at the end of its use in the building. It has tremendous capacity to provide a sustainable construction option. Timber is completely biodegradable and can even be composted if no reuse application can be found. Build ability, availability and cost Lightweight timber construction is relatively simple to build. 41

Choice of Appropriate Building Materials n n The "appropriateness" of a building material or construction technology can never be generalized. The following questions show some of the main factors, which determine appropriateness: n Is the material produced locally, or is it partially or entirely imported? n Is it cheap, abundantly available, and/or easily renewable? n Has it been produced in a factory far away (transportation costs!); 42

Does it require special machines and equipment, or can it be produced at lower cost on the building site? (Good quality and durability are often more important than low procurement costs). n Does its production and use require a high-energy input, and cause wastage and pollution? Is there an acceptable alternative material, which eliminates these problems? n Is the material and construction technique climatically acceptable? n 43

n n Does the material and construction technique provide sufficient safety against common natural hazards (e. g. fire. biological agents, heavy rain, hurricanes, earthquakes)? Can the material and technology be used and understood by the local workers, or are special skills and experience required? Are repairs and replacements possible with local means? Is the material socially acceptable? Is it considered low standard, or does it offend religious belief? Does it match with the materials and constructions of nearby buildings? 44

Recorded Historical Perspective BACK GROUND John Ruskin (1819 -1900) The Arts And Crafts Movements (William Morris – 1834 -1896) Art Nouveau: 1890 -1905 Victor Horta (1861 -1947) Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 -1959) Design For The Machine Age (1900 -1930) De Stijl (1917 – 1931) The Bauhaus (1919 – 1933) 45

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Eco Materials Definition : Materials those have, the lowest possible negative impact to the natural environment, minimal net negative impact to the natural environment, and maintain some reasonable level of human satisfaction in their technological and socioeconomic performance could be defined as "eco-materials". 47

Eco Materials Ø Assessment System v Japanese Study v Study By Technical Research Center Of Finland v Study By National Institute Of Building Sciences (USA) v Study By American Institute Of Architect’s Environmental Resource Guides 48

GUIDELINE PRINCIPAL FOR MATERIALS Avoid Ozone-depleting Chemicals In Mechanical Equipment And Insulation. Use Durable Products And Materials Choose Low-maintenance Building Materials Choose Building Materials With Low Embodied Energy. Buy Locally Produced Building Materials Use Building Products Made From Recycled Materials Use Salvaged Building Materials When Possible. Seek Responsible Wood Supplies. Avoid Materials That Will Off gas Pollutants. Minimize Use Of Pressure-treated Lumber. Minimize Packaging Waste. 49

Construction Material Used In Outer Walls (Percentage) By Rural/Urban 1998 Construction Material All Areas All Categories Baked Bricks/Blocks/Stones Unbaked Bricks/Mud Wood/Bamboo Others 1998 Rural Urban 100 58. 46 100 45. 96 100 85. 76 34. 48 44. 69 12. 16 5. 42 1. 64 7. 20 2. 14 1. 50 0. 54 50

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED IN ROOFS (PERCENTAGE) BY RURAL/URBAN 1998 Construction Material All Areas 1998 Rural Urban All Categories RCC/RBC Cement/ Iron Sheet 100 21. 39 13. 07 100 10. 43 10. 05 100 46. 35 19. 69 Wood/Bamboo Others 57. 35 8. 18 69. 76 30. 23 4. 74 51

Construction Material Used In Housing Units By Tenure Owned Rented Housing Units Rent-free Total Recent Outer Walls Baked Bricks / Block / Stones 8, 986, 336 1, 457, 13 1 787, 454 11, 230, 291 58. 46 Unbaked Bricks / Earth Bound 5, 523, 351 176, 179 924, 765 6, 624, 295 38. 48 Wood / Bamboo 842, 464 17, 531 181, 828 1, 041, 823 5. 42 Others 245, 104 8, 414 61, 181 314, 699 1. 64 Roof RCC / RBC 2, 933, 671 859, 521 317, 074 4, 110, 266 21. 39 Cement / Iron Sheets 2, 012, 871 341, 804 157, 075 2, 511, 750 13. 07 Wood / Bamboo 9, 334, 805 397, 011 1, 285, 785 11, 017, 601 57. 35 Others 1, 315, 908 60, 919 195, 294 1, 572, 121 8. 18 Total 15, 597, 25 5 1, 659, 25 5 1, 955, 228 19, 211, 738 52 100. 00

Pakistan – Rural Outer Walls Baked Bricks / Block / Stones 5, 470, 9 56 205, 316 381, 85 1 6, 058, 12 3 45. 96 Unbaked Bricks / Earth Bound 4, 967, 6 80 74, 485 848, 50 8 5, 890, 67 3 44. 96 Wood / Bamboo 777, 800 8, 701 162, 92 8 949, 429 7. 20 Others 224, 109 4, 305 53, 669 282, 083 2. 14 Roof RCC / RBC 1, 194, 0 63 97, 148 83, 849 1, 375, 06 0 10. 43 Cement / Iron Sheets 1, 210, 9 88 38, 844 74, 363 1, 324, 19 5 10. 05 Wood / Bamboo 7, 933, 3 80 139, 263 1, 121, 879 9, 194, 52 2 69. 76 Others 1, 102, 1 17, 552 166, 86 1, 286, 53 53 9. 76

PAKISTAN – URBAN OUTER WALLS Baked Bricks / Block / Stones 3, 515, 380 1, 251, 8 15 405, 603 5, 1 72, 798 85. 76 555, 671 101, 694 76, 257 733 , 622 12. 16 Wood / Bamboo 64, 664 8, 830 18, 900 92, 394 1. 53 Others 20, 995 4, 109 7, 512 32, 616 . 54 Unbaked Bricks / Earth Bound Roof RCC / RBC 1, 739, 608 762, 373 233, 225 2, 735, 206 45. 35 801, 883 302, 960 82, 712 1, 187, 555 19. 69 1, 401, 425 257, 748 163, 906 1, 823, 079 30. 23 Others 213, 794 43, 367 28, 429 285, 590 4. 47 Total 4, 156, 71 1, 366, 4 4 508, 272 6, 031, 430 54 100. 0 Cement / Iron Sheets Wood / Bamboo 0

GREEN WATERS HAVE NO WORRIES 55

BUT WIND GIVES THEM WRINKLES 56

BLUE HILLS ARE NOT SO OLD 57

BUT SNOW GIVES THEM WHITE HAIR 58