1 Chapter 7 Traditional Training Methods Copyright 2002

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1 Chapter 7 Traditional Training Methods Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies,

1 Chapter 7 Traditional Training Methods Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives 2 After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the

Objectives 2 After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of presentational, hands-on, and group building training methods. 2. Provide recommendations for effective on-the-job training. 3. Develop a case study. 4. Develop a self-directed learning module. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Objectives (continued) 5. Discuss the key components of behavior modeling training. 6. Explain

3 Objectives (continued) 5. Discuss the key components of behavior modeling training. 6. Explain the conditions for adventure learning to be effective. 7. Discuss what team training should focus on to improve team performance. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Introduction ¦ The FBI uses a simulation to prepare new agents to understand

4 Introduction ¦ The FBI uses a simulation to prepare new agents to understand the realities of criminal investigation. ¦ This illustrates that knowledge is a necessary but not sufficient condition for employees to perform their jobs. ¦ Knowledge must be translated into behavior. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Traditional Methods Categories Presentation Methods Hands-on Methods Group Building Methods Copyright © 2002

5 Traditional Methods Categories Presentation Methods Hands-on Methods Group Building Methods Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Presentation Methods ¦ Presentation methods refer to methods in which trainees are passive

6 Presentation Methods ¦ Presentation methods refer to methods in which trainees are passive recipients of information. ¦ This information may include: r Facts or information r Processes r Problem – solving methods ¦ Presentation methods include: r Lectures r Audio-visual techniques Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Presentation Methods: Lecture ¦ Lecture involves the trainer communicating through spoken words what

7 Presentation Methods: Lecture ¦ Lecture involves the trainer communicating through spoken words what she wants the trainees to learn. ¦ The communication of learned capabilities is primarily one-way – from the trainer to the audience. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Lecture (continued) ¦ One of the least expensive, least timeconsuming ways to present

8 Lecture (continued) ¦ One of the least expensive, least timeconsuming ways to present a large amount of information efficiently in an organized manner. ¦ Useful because it is easily employed with large groups of trainees. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Variations of the Lecture Method Standard Lecture Student Presentations Panels Team Teaching Guest

9 Variations of the Lecture Method Standard Lecture Student Presentations Panels Team Teaching Guest Speakers Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Presentation Methods: Audio-Visual Techniques ¦ Audio-visual 10 instruction includes: r Overheads r Slides r

Presentation Methods: Audio-Visual Techniques ¦ Audio-visual 10 instruction includes: r Overheads r Slides r Video ¦ It has been used for improving: r Communication skills r Interviewing skills r Customer-service skills r Illustrating how procedures should be followed Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Hands-on Methods ¦ Hands-on methods refer to training methods that require the trainee

11 Hands-on Methods ¦ Hands-on methods refer to training methods that require the trainee to be actively involved in learning. ¦ These methods include: r On-the-job training r Simulations r Case studies r Business games r Role plays r Behavior modeling Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Hands-on Methods: On-the-Job Training ¦ On-the-job training (OJT) refers to new or inexperienced

12 Hands-on Methods: On-the-Job Training ¦ On-the-job training (OJT) refers to new or inexperienced employees learning through observing peers or managers performing the job and trying to imitate their behavior. ¦ OJT includes: r. Apprenticeships r. Self-directed learning programs Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 On-the-Job Training (continued) ¦ OJT can be useful for: r Training newly hired

13 On-the-Job Training (continued) ¦ OJT can be useful for: r Training newly hired employees r Upgrading experienced employees’ skills when new technology is introduced r Cross-training employees within a department or work unit r Orienting transferred or promoted employees to their new jobs Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

14 Effective OJT Programs Include: ¦A policy statement that describes the purpose of OJT

14 Effective OJT Programs Include: ¦A policy statement that describes the purpose of OJT and emphasizes the company’s support for it. ¦ A clear specification of who is accountable for conducting OJT. ¦ A thorough review of OJT practices at other companies in similar industries. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 Effective OJT Programs (continued) ¦ Training of managers and peers in the principles

15 Effective OJT Programs (continued) ¦ Training of managers and peers in the principles of structured OJT. ¦ Availability of lesson plans, checklists, procedure manuals, training manuals, learning contracts, and progress report forms for use by employees who conduct OJT. ¦ Evaluation of employees’ levels of basic skills before OJT. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 OJT Programs: Self-Directed Learning ¦ Employees take responsibility for all aspects of learning:

16 OJT Programs: Self-Directed Learning ¦ Employees take responsibility for all aspects of learning: r When it is conducted r Who will be involved ¦ Trainees master predetermined training content at their own pace without an instructor. ¦ Trainers are available to evaluate learning or answer questions for the trainee. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

17 Self-Directed Learning (continued) Advantages ¦ Learn at own pace ¦ Feedback about learning

17 Self-Directed Learning (continued) Advantages ¦ Learn at own pace ¦ Feedback about learning performance ¦ Fewer trainers needed ¦ Consistent materials ¦ Multiple sites easier ¦ Fits employee shifts and schedules Disadvantages ¦ Trainees must be motivated to learn on their own ¦ Higher development costs ¦ Higher development time Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 OJT Programs: Apprenticeship ¦ Work-study training method with both on-the-job and classroom training.

18 OJT Programs: Apprenticeship ¦ Work-study training method with both on-the-job and classroom training. ¦ To qualify as a registered apprenticeship program under state or federal regulations: r 144 hours of classroom instruction r 2000 hours (or one year) of OJT experience ¦ Can be sponsored by companies or unions. ¦ Most programs involve skilled trades. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

19 Apprenticeship (continued) Advantages ¦ Earn pay while learning ¦ Effective learning about “why

19 Apprenticeship (continued) Advantages ¦ Earn pay while learning ¦ Effective learning about “why and how” ¦ Full-time employment at completion Disadvantages ¦ Limited access for minorities and women ¦ No guarantee of fulltime employment ¦ Training results in narrow focus expertise Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

20 Hands-on Methods: Simulations ¦ Represents a real-life situation. ¦ Trainees’ decisions result in

20 Hands-on Methods: Simulations ¦ Represents a real-life situation. ¦ Trainees’ decisions result in outcomes that mirror what would happen if on the job. ¦ Used to teach: r. Production and process skills r. Management and interpersonal skills Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 Hand-on Methods: Case Studies ¦ Description about how employees or an organization dealt

21 Hand-on Methods: Case Studies ¦ Description about how employees or an organization dealt with a difficult situation. ¦ Trainees are required to: r Analyze and critique actions taken r Indicate the appropriate actions r Suggest what might have been done differently ¦ Major assumption of this approach is that employees are most likely to recall and use knowledge and skills learned through a process of discovery. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Hands-on Methods: Role Plays ¦ Trainees act out characters assigned to them. ¦

22 Hands-on Methods: Role Plays ¦ Trainees act out characters assigned to them. ¦ Information regarding the situation is provided to the trainees. ¦ Focus on interpersonal responses. ¦ Outcomes depend on the emotional (and subjective) reactions of the other trainees. ¦ The more meaningful the exercise, the higher the level of participant focus and intensity. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 Hands-on Methods: Behavior Modeling ¦ Involves presenting trainees with a model who demonstrates

23 Hands-on Methods: Behavior Modeling ¦ Involves presenting trainees with a model who demonstrates key behaviors to replicate. ¦ Provides trainees opportunity to practice the key behaviors. ¦ Based on the principles of social learning theory. ¦ More appropriate for learning skills and behaviors than factual information. ¦ Effective for teaching interpersonal and computer skills. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 Group Building Methods ¦ Group building methods refer to training methods designed to

24 Group Building Methods ¦ Group building methods refer to training methods designed to improve team or group effectiveness. ¦ Training directed at improving trainees’ skills as well as team effectiveness. ¦ Group building methods involve trainees: r Sharing ideas and experiences r Building group identity r Understanding interpersonal dynamics r Learning their strengths and weaknesses and of their co-workers. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 Group Building Methods (continued) ¦ Group techniques focus on helping teams increase their

25 Group Building Methods (continued) ¦ Group techniques focus on helping teams increase their skills for effective teamwork. ¦ Group building methods include: r. Adventure learning r. Team training r. Action learning Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Group Building Methods: Adventure Learning 26 ¦ Focuses on the development of teamwork and

Group Building Methods: Adventure Learning 26 ¦ Focuses on the development of teamwork and leadership skills using structured outdoor activities. ¦ Also known as wilderness training and outdoor training. ¦ Best suited for developing skills related to group effectiveness such as: r Self-awareness r Problem solving r Conflict management r Risk taking Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

27 Adventure Learning (continued) ¦ To be successful: r Exercises should be related to

27 Adventure Learning (continued) ¦ To be successful: r Exercises should be related to the types of skills that participants are expected to develop. r After the exercises, a skilled facilitator should lead a discussion about ¦what happened in the exercise ¦what was learned ¦how events in the exercise relate to job situation ¦how to apply what was learned on the job Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Group Building Methods: Team Training 28 ¦ Involves coordinating the performance of individuals who

Group Building Methods: Team Training 28 ¦ Involves coordinating the performance of individuals who work together to achieve a common goal. ¦ Teams that are effectively trained develop procedures to identify and resolve errors, coordinate information gathering, and reinforce each other. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

29 Components of Team Performance Behavior Knowledge Attitude Copyright © 2002 by The Mc.

29 Components of Team Performance Behavior Knowledge Attitude Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 Main Elements of the Structure of Team Training Tools Team Task Analysis Performance

30 Main Elements of the Structure of Team Training Tools Team Task Analysis Performance Measurement Task Simulation and Exercises Feedback Principles Methods Information-Based Demonstration-Based Video Guided Practice Role Play Strategies Cross-Training Coordination Training Team Leader Training Team Training Objectives Content Knowledge Skills Attitudes Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

31 Group Building Methods: Action Learning ¦ Involves giving teams or work groups: ran

31 Group Building Methods: Action Learning ¦ Involves giving teams or work groups: ran actual problem, rhaving them work on solving it, rcommitting to an action plan, and rholding them accountable for carrying out the plan. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

32 Action Learning (continued) ¦ Several types of problems are used including how to:

32 Action Learning (continued) ¦ Several types of problems are used including how to: r Change the business r Better utilize technology r Remove barriers between the customer and company r Develop global leaders Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

33 Choosing a Training Method 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify the type of learning

33 Choosing a Training Method 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify the type of learning outcome that you want training to influence. Consider the extent to which the learning method facilitates learning and transfer of training. Evaluate the costs related to development and use of the method. Consider the effectiveness of the training method. Copyright © 2002 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.