1 A strong exists between a countrys wealth
1. A strong ---- exists between a country’s wealth and the freedom afforded its citizens. A) coincidence B) correlation C) consideration D) determination E) interpretation
2. Satellite television transmission now makes it ---- for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries. A) worldwide B) substantial C) aware D) commonplace E) liable
3. Latin American countries on average export only about 10 per cent of their products to other Latin American countries but ---- 20 per cent of them to the US. A) almost B) fairly C) respectively D) initially E) extensively
4. Many parts of rural America ---- to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ---- in the country during the nineteenth century. A) continued / have arrived B) have continued / would have arrived C) continue / arrived D) would have continued / were arriving E) will continue / would arrive
5. Of all the arts it ---- to classical music that Germany ---- the greatest contribution. A) had been / made B) is / has made C) has been / had made D) was / will have made E) might be / would have made
6. ---- the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact. A) Contrary to B) In spite of C) By means of D) Since E) As regards
7. ---- by making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities. A) Still B) While C) Only D) Until E) Just as
8. A corporation’s formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ---- it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition. A) so B) as C) unless D) whether E) whereby
All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that (9) ---- them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost (10) ---- outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (11) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (12) ---- quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (13) ---- each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and cropplanting by humans. 9. A) should afflict B) can afflict C) had afflicted D) would afflict E) afflicted
All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that (9) ---- them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost (10) ---- outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (11) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (12) ---- quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (13) ---- each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and cropplanting by humans. 10. A) intense B) approachable C) indestructible D) abundant E) unsteady
All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that (9) ---- them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost (10) ---- outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (11) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (12) ---- quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (13) ---- each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and cropplanting by humans. 11. A) according to B) ahead of C) with a view to D) on behalf of E) in place of
All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that (9) ---- them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost (10) ---- outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (11) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (12) ---- quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (13) ---- each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and cropplanting by humans. 12. A) Before B) Whenever C) While D) Until E) Once
All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that (9) ---- them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost (10) ---- outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (11) ---- the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (12) ---- quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (13) ---- each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and cropplanting by humans. 13. A) across B) on C) for D) about E) at
14. If only she had come up with some positive suggestions, ----. A) the scheme certainly had very many drawbacks B) nobody else is likely to complain C) so far this is the best thesis to be submitted D) the others will already have been rejected E) I wouldn’t have minded her criticism of the project
15. ---- while such African languages as Hausa and Swahili continued to serve the everyday needs of the masses. A) During the colonial era in Africa, English became the shared language of the administration and a Western-educated élite, B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English literature is no longer popular C) Modern African writers have found it necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, D) Today, English is the official language of sixteen countries in Africa, E) English as a second language has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years,
16. ---- but cannot be proved and is difficult to assess. A) The influence of Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language on the development of the language has been widely assumed B) Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language played a role in propagating a standard spelling among the less literate C) Samuel Johnson was an enthusiastic reader of classical and English literature from his earliest years D) It took Samuel Johnson eight or nine years to complete work on his Dictionary of the English Language E) With his Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson provided a powerful but conservative model of language usage
17. The Welsh language has changed so little through the centuries ----. A) whose annual Eisteddfod celebration honours its best poets and writers B) that an educated Welshman can still read the Welsh of the Middle Ages C) as more and more English families settle in Wales, bringing their habits with them D) although Wales recently formed its own national assembly E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious nature of the Welsh people
18. By 1809, Sweden’s military power had waned to such an extent ----. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no longer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europe’s Age of Enlightenment with advances in science
19. Road and rail connections in Italy are generally better in the north, ----. A) because between the snowy peaks of the Alps and the rugged shores of Sicily lies a whole series of regions, each with its distinctive culture B) but there are many other attractive historic towns and cities C) but people speak of two Italies: the rich industrial North and the poorer agricultural South D) just as the government has allocated extra funds for road repairs E) where Milan, Bologna and Verona are the key transport centres
Beowulf is an epic tale that continues to fire the imaginations of readers a millennium after it was written. Since it was first translated into modern English in the 19 th century, Beowulf has become by far the best-known piece of Anglo-Saxon literature. It has inspired movies, novels and even comic books; there seems to be no limit to the ways the story can be reimagined. Furthermore, it was perhaps the single greatest formative influence on JRR Tolkien, which means it has played a huge part in the development of the modern fantasy genre, from The Lord of the Rings right through to Game of Thrones. The dating and origins of Beowulf are much discussed but still unresolved, though many theories have been put forward. We know the poem was set down in a manuscript around AD 1000, and was probably first created many years earlier – perhaps as early as the eighth century. Some aspects of it might also have existed in the oral tradition before the text reached its surviving form, but we can only speculate about that. 20. According to the passage, Beowulf ----. A) is considered as the earliest example of Anglo-Saxon literature B) has been a keystone in the evolution of contemporary fantastic literature C) has lost its popularity since it was translated into modern English D) has been fully consumed in any possible way by the movie industry E) is an epic tale originally taken from Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings
Beowulf is an epic tale that continues to fire the imaginations of readers a millennium after it was written. Since it was first translated into modern English in the 19 th century, Beowulf has become by far the best-known piece of Anglo-Saxon literature. It has inspired movies, novels and even comic books; there seems to be no limit to the ways the story can be reimagined. Furthermore, it was perhaps the single greatest formative influence on JRR Tolkien, which means it has played a huge part in the development of the modern fantasy genre, from The Lord of the Rings right through to Game of Thrones. The dating and origins of Beowulf are much discussed but still unresolved, though many theories have been put forward. We know the poem was set down in a manuscript around AD 1000, and was probably first created many years earlier – perhaps as early as the eighth century. Some aspects of it might also have existed in the oral tradition before the text reached its surviving form, but we can only speculate about that. 21. It is understood from the passage that ----. A) there is no consensus among experts as to the time it was originally composed B) JRR Tolkien replicated the story of Beowulf before the series Game of Thrones did C) the tale of Beowulf is still the bestseller in the modern fantasy genre D) the epic tale demonstrates the typical features of the oral literary tradition E) Beowulf is the best representation of the Anglo-Saxon culture of the eighth century
Beowulf is an epic tale that continues to fire the imaginations of readers a millennium after it was written. Since it was first translated into modern English in the 19 th century, Beowulf has become by far the best-known piece of Anglo-Saxon literature. It has inspired movies, novels and even comic books; there seems to be no limit to the ways the story can be reimagined. Furthermore, it was perhaps the single greatest formative influence on JRR Tolkien, which means it has played a huge part in the development of the modern fantasy genre, from The Lord of the Rings right through to Game of Thrones. The dating and origins of Beowulf are much discussed but still unresolved, though many theories have been put forward. We know the poem was set down in a manuscript around AD 1000, and was probably first created many years earlier – perhaps as early as the eighth century. Some aspects of it might also have existed in the oral tradition before the text reached its surviving form, but we can only speculate about that. 22. The main purpose of the passage is to ----. A) compare the genres that have been influenced by the tale of Beowulf B) explain theories regarding the roots of a tale of war and heroism C) discuss the reasons why it is still inspiring twenty-first century readers D) talk about why JRR Tolkien was so much inspired by Beowulf E) give information about a long heroic poem that is still in demand
The idea of a so-called precision medicine, or personalized medicine, is that doctors will use genetic tests – of both the patient and the cancer tumour – to determine the exact drugs or treatments that have the best chance of working. Although precision-medicine techniques are now being trained on many diseases, their impact is being felt most strongly in cancer treatment. Researchers are building a growing list of genes and genetic mutations that show up in tumours and matching them to drugs that can stop them. The cancer genes that drugs can target now number in the dozens, and researchers are hot on the trail of hundreds more. For some cancers once considered virtual death sentences, the outlook is already much improved. About half of lung-cancer patients respond well to one of the new gene-matched therapies, and in half of those cases, the cancer doesn’t come back. After decades of cancer research, the progress made in precision medicine is welcome news indeed. However, medicine is not even close to bringing cancer to its knees. For patients diagnosed with advanced cancers, only one in 10 turn out to have genes currently known to make the cancer susceptible to a new drug. 23. Which statement is true about the precision medicine technique? A) Genetic tests performed on patients are more effective than the ones on the tumour in figuring out the medicine. B) Most of the patients that undergo the new genematched therapies do not develop the disease again. C) It is yielding far more successful results with tumours when compared to the outcomes in other diseases. D) Only ten percent of cancers that spread or metastasize are resistant to the personalized medicine created by genetic tests. E) It will, eventually, provide a list of all genes that show up in tumours and bring an end to various fatal diseases.
The idea of a so-called precision medicine, or personalized medicine, is that doctors will use genetic tests – of both the patient and the cancer tumour – to determine the exact drugs or treatments that have the best chance of working. Although precision-medicine techniques are now being trained on many diseases, their impact is being felt most strongly in cancer treatment. Researchers are building a growing list of genes and genetic mutations that show up in tumours and matching them to drugs that can stop them. The cancer genes that drugs can target now number in the dozens, and researchers are hot on the trail of hundreds more. For some cancers once considered virtual death sentences, the outlook is already much improved. About half of lung-cancer patients respond well to one of the new gene-matched therapies, and in half of those cases, the cancer doesn’t come back. After decades of cancer research, the progress made in precision medicine is welcome news indeed. However, medicine is not even close to bringing cancer to its knees. For patients diagnosed with advanced cancers, only one in 10 turn out to have genes currently known to make the cancer susceptible to a new drug. 24. According to the passage, scientists ----. A) developed a cure for fifty percent of patients that are diagnosed with malignant cancer B) have already developed medication for a number of cancer types once considered incurable C) believe that it is still too early to declare the precision medicine technique a breakthrough D) experience great obstacles in registering genetic mutations in cancer tumours E) claim that once the genes in tumours are determined any drugs will be effective in treatment
The idea of a so-called precision medicine, or personalized medicine, is that doctors will use genetic tests – of both the patient and the cancer tumour – to determine the exact drugs or treatments that have the best chance of working. Although precision-medicine techniques are now being trained on many diseases, their impact is being felt most strongly in cancer treatment. Researchers are building a growing list of genes and genetic mutations that show up in tumours and matching them to drugs that can stop them. The cancer genes that drugs can target now number in the dozens, and researchers are hot on the trail of hundreds more. For some cancers once considered virtual death sentences, the outlook is already much improved. About half of lung-cancer patients respond well to one of the new gene-matched therapies, and in half of those cases, the cancer doesn’t come back. After decades of cancer research, the progress made in precision medicine is welcome news indeed. However, medicine is not even close to bringing cancer to its knees. For patients diagnosed with advanced cancers, only one in 10 turn out to have genes currently known to make the cancer susceptible to a new drug. 25. What can be inferred from the passage about the future of personalized medicine? A) It will specialize more in lung-cancer patients. B) It is far from being a total remedy for all cancers. C) Matching the drugs to all cancer genes is impossible. D) It will be developed by more researchers and doctors. E) Its impact will be felt equally strongly in other diseases.
26. Cheryl : - Did Michelle tell you what happened to her on her vacation in Thailand? Mike : - ---Cheryl : - Yes, that’s it. She’d booked a hotel room online, and when she arrived the hotel was full. She had to spend four hours in the rain trying to find another place to stay. A) When did she return from her trip? B) She told me all about it. C) No; what happened? D) Thailand? I thought she went to Indonesia for her vacation. E) Wasn’t it something to do with her hotel reservation?
27. Jeff : - Are there considerable cultural differences in the way business is conducted between China and Western countries? Neal : - Oh yes, there are many differences and you have to be aware of these if you want to succeed in China. Jeff : - ---Neal : - Well, in Western-style business, we focus on the deal, the possibilities and the risks. In China, top businessmen spend a good deal of time exploring what sort of person you are. Your character is more important than what you do. A) What sort of differences? B) Have you ever done business in China? C) How does one go about making business contacts there? D) What are the advantages of doing business in China? E) Which regions of China are the best for making high profits?
28. Visitors to the country are often struck by the warmth and hospitality of its people. A) The inhabitants of the country are quite courteous and kind, which is why so many people want to visit there. B) What always amazes the natives of the country is the graciousness and geniality of the travellers there. C) The thing about the people visiting the country is that they dislike being surprised. D) The friendliness and generosity of the country’s inhabitants frequently impress tourists. E) The country’s natives are especially friendly and helpful to tourists, which greatly surprised us all.
29. On seeing the new shopping centre for the first time I wondered whether it would succeed, with all the other shops already in the neighbourhood. A) I’m sure the new shopping centre will make a profit, because it is much nicer than the other shops nearby. B) Because there were already many shops in the area, when I first noticed it I wasn’t sure if the new shopping centre would do well. C) Due to the lack of shops in the area, I couldn’t understand why the new shopping centre wasn’t successful from the beginning. D) There are quite a few shops in the neighbourhood, so the new shopping centre will face stiff competition. E) I don’t know why they built a new shopping centre in our neighbourhood; there was certainly no need for one.
30. A recent survey regarding new engineering graduates revealed that these graduates lack communication skills. A) New engineering graduates are not as good at communicating as their predecessors, according to the results of a recent survey. B) A deficiency in communicative skills was the most common complaint about new engineering graduates, according to a recent survey. C) The fact that recent engineering graduates do not have the ability to make themselves understood was made clear by a new survey. D) The results of a new survey on engineering graduates suggest that the most recent of these graduates are only average communicators. E) Good communication skills were rated in a recent survey as the most soughtafter quality in new engineering graduates.
31. Until recently people felt that Nigerian ministers were being too optimistic, but there is now no question that the country’s financial position is growing steadily stronger. A) It is now clear that Nigeria’s economy is in a strong upward cycle but previously people doubted the hopeful attitude of Nigerian ministers. B) Nigerian ministers today have no apprehensions about their country’s financial status, as it is plain that it is constantly getting better. C) In the past, even though Nigeria’s economic status was constantly improving, people were often mistrustful of its ministers’ confident views. D) Though Nigerian ministers were previously sceptical of positive ideas about their country’s financial status, it has become obvious that its economy is advancing day by day. E) Today we see that Nigeria is progressing economically, but in the recent past, this was not the case and economists were wary of the optimistic views of its leaders.
32. It’s only now that she understands how unhappy she was during her twenties. A) Despite the fact that her twenties were not a happy time for her, she now understands how to be happy. B) What makes her regretful is that, in her twenties, she could not be happy at all. C) Having been unhappy during her twenties, she is now a very understanding person. D) She was terribly unhappy during her twenties, but she has only just realized it. E) She now realizes that she must come to terms with the unhappiness she faced in her twenties.
33. You are at the airport in a foreign city. You want to hire a taxi to take you to your hotel, but first you want to find out the fare so that the taxi driver can’t overcharge you. You say to the taxistand attendant: ---A) It’s very expensive to take a taxi these days, isn’t it? B) I’m sorry to disturb you, but is there a taxi available to take me to the Smith Hotel? C) Excuse me, could you please tell me approximately how much it will cost me to go to the Smith Hotel? D) Why aren’t there any taxis waiting? E) I think I’ll rent a car instead of taking a taxi. Where are the rental offices?
34. You turn on the television to watch your favourite programme, only to discover that it had been rescheduled and shown the previous evening. Since you have missed the programme, you are angry and say: ---A) Let me see what programmes they have tonight. B) So at what time will the programme be on next week? C) Oh well, now I have extra time to get caught up on my e-mail. D) They’ve no right to make changes without first announcing them! E) I’m thinking of buying a new television.
35. Every Apollo mission that landed on the Moon left seismometers on the surface and recorded moonquakes. ---- As this happens, the Moon’s interior shrinks because of dropping temperatures, causing the surface to wrinkle and crack, generating faults that can then move. Based on the quakes recorded by the Apollo instruments, researchers recently determined that at least some of the fault lines visible on the Moon’s surface are still geologically active, causing quakes when parts of the lunar crust rub against each other. A) Most of the moonquakes also occur when the Moon is at or near the farthest point in its orbit. B) Gravitational stresses between Earth and the Moon cause the crust on either side of a fault to slide and prompt a shakeup. C) This is happening because Earth and the Moon apply a gravitational pull on each other, which causes the ocean tides. D) Astronomers believe most moonquakes occur as the Moon slowly loses heat from its initial formation. E) These instruments have functioned for several years and will be permanently shut down due to budget cuts.
36. Baboons are incredibly sociable animals that live in large troops that can be varied in size and can contain a few hundred members. Baboon troops consist of both males and females with their young and form very close bonds by feeding, sleeping and grooming together. During the day they break into smaller bands of 4 or 5 females and young, that are led by a dominant male who attempts to keep other males away. Baboons live together for protection and are constantly on the look-out for dangerous predators. ---- They are preyed upon by numerous predators throughout their natural range. A) However, their large size and power means that they sometimes hunt and kill larger prey like young gazelles. B) Vast areas of forest are cleared for agriculture which means that baboons have fewer areas to sleep safely. C) If a threat is spotted, the males run to attack, while the females and young disappear into the safety of the trees. D) Despite still being relatively widespread, numbers are declining in all species due to hunting and habitat loss. E) Baboons are incredibly sociable and intelligent animals known to form close bonds with other members.
37. Social evolution over the decades has not made Sherlock Holmes fade away. Thus, in many programs and series, we have been able to watch representations of the famous detective. ---- He makes use of his deductive reasoning skills. These skills are far superior to those of his co-workers and, of course, make Sherlock an indispensable figure for solving the most difficult cases. Holmes is better known for his power of observation. He is able to see what others do not see and is skilled at estimating the probabilities as well as establishing logical relationships. A) The popular detective loves these complicated cases because he enjoys the challenge of the unknown. B) Holmes displays the value of details and how the clothes people wear can tell a lot about their character. C) Observing people and situations is an incredibly useful skill that can give you the advantage of recognizing behaviours. D) Detectives and the department of forensics also use his deductive reasoning techniques to solve cases. E) In each of the versions or appearances, the portrait of Sherlock is that of an eccentric and intelligent person.
38. Bob Dylan is one of the most influential musicians of the last century. He also embodies the most controversial Nobel Prize in Literature in history. His music is poetry, and his poetry is music. Thus, it broke many pop culture barriers around the world. ---- Bob Dylan’s music is complex and interesting, rooted in rhythms as dissimilar as rock, folk, country, blues, and jazz. But his lyrics are the most fascinating part through which he explored social, political, literary, philosophical, and spiritual themes. This is what gave him a unique personality in the world of music and eventually the Nobel Prize. A) He interpreted the current world from a perspective that amazes people. B) Dylan created an identity in the nine albums he produced during that decade. C) He was inspired by a character in a cowboy series named Matt Dillon. D) This is why many people consider him an icon of pop counterculture. E) He also wanted to know everything and wanted to explore every rhythm.
39. The evidence that it is possible to stop human aging lies is in the fact that some cells that already exist in nature do not age. In biology, the most famous cells are the HELA and, by using them, scientists discovered in 1951 that cancer is immortal and does not age. ---- As stem cells never age, we can apply the same concept to the body as a whole. Scientists have managed to develop a technique that eliminates the damage in cells as we age. The method could help stop, or even reverse, one of the main causes of aging. A) Cell reconstruction could affect the aging of the world’s population as a whole. B) This new immortality will change the whole concept of human society. C) It will be possible for humans to have an indefinite life expectancy. D) We will be able to develop medicines that will transform the elderly into young. E) Scientists also develop strategies to restore our youth when we get old.
40. A person’s health history may reveal a disease that interferes with the body’s use of nutrients or that affects the person’s eating habits. A) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarmada kullanılabilir. B) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen veya kişinin yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarabilir. C) İnsanın yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen hastalıklar, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden yararlanılarak ortaya çıkarılabilir. D) Bir kişinin sağlık öyküsünden, hem onun yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen hem de bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen hastalıklar kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir. E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen veya kişinin yemek yemesini engelleyen hastalıkların çoğu, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden anlaşılmaktadır.
41. As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. A) Geçmişteki pek çok biyoloğun, eserlerinde, süngerlerden bitki olarak söz etmesinin nedeni, bu canlıların bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Geçmişteki biyologların eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolayısıyla bitkilerle aynı grupta ele alınıyordu. C) Geçmişteki pek çok biyoloğun eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmediği için onların bitki olduğu sanılıyordu. D) Geçmişte, süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için bitki olarak kabul edildiği halde, pek çok biyolog bu görüşe eserlerinde yer vermemiştir. E) Süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için, geçmişte bitki olarak sınıflanıyordu; fakat birçok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanlış olduğunu belirtmektedir.
42. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War I, Poland declared its independence on November 11, 1918, and on June 20, 1919, was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Versailles. A) I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Alman orduları tarafından işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918’de ilân etmiş olsa da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınması, 20 Haziran 1919’da imzalanan Versailles Antlaşması’yla gerçekleşmiştir. B) Avusturya-Alman ordularınca I. Dünya Savaşı’nda işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiştir; ancak bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı Versailles Antlaşması’yla 20 Haziran 1919’da kesinleşmiştir. C) Polonya, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Alman ordularının işgaline uğrasa da 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş ve bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı, 20 Haziran 1919’da Versailles Antlaşması’yla kesinleşmiştir. D) I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Avusturya-Alman ordularının işgaline uğrayan Polonya, Versailles Antlaşması’na göre, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918’de ilân etmiş ve 20 Haziran 1919’da da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır. E) Avusturya-Alman ordularınca I. Dünya Savaşı’nda işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş ve Versailles Antlaşması’yla 20 Haziran 1919’da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır.
43. Kuzey İrlanda, Birleşik Krallığın ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır; ancak, 1920’de İrlanda’nın Yönetimi Yasası’na konmuş olan hükümlere göre, yarı özerk bir yönetime sahiptir. A) Northern Ireland constitutes a major part of the United Kingdom even though, according to the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, it is governed semi-autonomously. B) According to the terms of the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, Northern Ireland makes up a significant part of the United Kingdom despite the fact that its government is semi-autonomous. C) Northern Ireland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, but, in accordance with the provisions made in 1920 in the Government of Ireland Act, it has a semi-autonomous government. D) Northern Ireland is regarded as an essential part of the United Kingdom and, under the terms of the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, is administered by a semi-autonomous government. E) According to the provisions made in the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, Northern Ireland, which is an inseparable part of the United Kingdom, has a semi-autonomous administration.
44. Patara’da pek çok pansiyon ve birkaç görkemli otel olmasına rağmen, geleneksel köy yaşamı hâlâ devam etmektedir. A) Patara boasts various pensions and a number of magnificent hotels even though village life continues here in a traditional way. B) Despite a number of pensions and some excellent hotels, Patara is still a village which has a traditional way of life. C) Though a village where traditional life still goes on, Patara has a great number of pensions and several luxurious hotels. D) Although in Patara there are many pensions and a few splendid hotels, traditional village life still continues. E) Patara, which has several pensions but few nice hotels, is just a village where life goes on in a traditional manner.
45. On altıncı yüzyılın ilk yarısında Fransa kralı olan I. François, ülkesini Avrupa’da önde gelen bir güç yapmayı düşlemiş, ancak Avusturya imparatoru V. Charles tarafından engellenmiştir. A) The French king François I, who had the dream of making his country Europe’s dominant power in the first half of the sixteenth century, was opposed by the Austrian emperor Charles V. B) François I, the king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, dreamt of making his country a leading power in Europe but was prevented by Charles V, emperor of Austria. C) Charles V, the emperor of Austria, stood up against François I, the king of France, who dreamt of making his country a major European power in the first half of the sixteenth century. D) François I, the king of France, had the dream of turning his country into the chief European power in the first half of the sixteenth century although he was opposed by Charles V, emperor of Austria. E) The king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, François I, dreamt of making his country one of the major powers in Europe but was dissuaded by the Austrian emperor Charles V.
46. (I) According to a new study, volunteering can make you happier and help you live longer. (II) The research says doing good deeds for others boosts your mental health and increases your longevity. (III) Researchers found a number of benefits such as lower rates of depression, an increased sense of well-being, and a 22 per cent reduction in the chances of dying within the next seven years. (IV) Australians lead the way in volunteering, with an estimated 36 per cent of the population lending a hand. (V) Although volunteering is associated with such improvements in mental health, more work is still needed to establish whether volunteering is actually the cause. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
47. (I) Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as some people often suppose. (II) It usually passes with time, but the time can seem endless. (III) The process becomes tolerable only when people with depression are listened to and encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to feel yet more inadequate by good advice. (IV) This is the job of professionals who can offer expert recommendation and counselling. (V) In fact, telling someone with depression that there are other people suffering more will only make them feel ashamed of their feelings. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
48. (I)The choice to avoid animal products for spiritual or ethical reasons has a long history. (II) For many years, vegetarians in Europe were known as ‘Pythagoreans’ after the Greek philosopher whose followers refused to eat slaughtered meat. (III) The first Vegan Society for those seeking a lifestyle totally free from animal products was founded in November 1944 in London by a small group led by Donald Watson. (IV) Watson also refused to take medicines because of their links to animal testing. (V) Watson was a woodwork teacher living in Leicester, who had stopped eating meat and dairy products at the age of 14 after seeing a cow being slaughtered on his uncle’s farm. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
49. (I) The Salem witch trials and executions came about as the result of a combination of church politics. (II) In Salem, the process of identifying witches began with rumours, and accusations followed, often escalating to convictions and executions. (III) It was believed that they employed demons to accomplish magical deeds, and that they changed from human to animal form or from one human form to another. (IV) Animals were believed to act as their ‘familiar spirits’, and that they rode on them through the air at night to secret meetings. (V) There was little doubt that in those meetings they worshipped the devil and attempted to practice sorcery with harmful intent. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
50. (I) The problems of the Ottoman Empire worsened by the large population growth during the 16 th and 17 th centuries that also occurred in much of Europe at that time. (II) Even if the reforms had been more successful, they could not have corrected the increasing Ottoman weakness relative to the powerful states in Europe. (III) The amount of subsistence available failed to meet the needs of the rising population along with anarchic political and economic conditions. (IV) Social distress increased and disorder resulted. (V) Landless and jobless peasants fled to the cities, exacerbating the food shortage, and reacted against their troubles by rising against the established order. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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