1 A foreign language is a weapon in

1．主语 + 系动词 + 表语： A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The plan sounds perfect. This material feels soft. This is where I work. 2．主语 + 谓语： The telephone rang. His father might have died. We all breathe, drink and eat. 注：这种结构中的谓语动词是不及物动词，状语并非结构上不可缺 少的成分。但在某种情况下，不加状语便不能表达完整的意思，这 就引出了下列句型： △ 主语 + 谓语 + 状语： The meeting lasted for two hours. We walked for five miles. This box weighs five kilos. He lives in Guangzhou. They will be flying to London.

3．主语 + 谓语 + 宾语： She is reading a novel. You may have seen each other. He is doing morning exercises. This factory makes machine tools. Mary has ordered a new dress. I have had my lunch. 注：这种结构中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面只跟一个宾语，因此 称单宾及物动词，一般不需状语即可表达完整的意思。但在某些情 况下，状语必不可少，这就引出了下列句型： △ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语： He put the vase on the table. Jim brought his suitcases upstairs. I’ll take Mary to the station. They treated him kindly.

4．主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语： She made herself a new dress. My father bought me a novel. Pass me the salt, please. 注①：这种结构中的谓语动词一般只限于某些双宾语及物动词， 它们可以分为两类： 第一类：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, tell, hand, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, owe, refuse等。 第二类：make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。 注②：间接宾语有时可以改成一个由to或for引导的短语，这在意 思上没有什么差别： I’ll return you the book tomorrow. → I’ll return the book to you tomorrow. She made a new dress for Mary. → She made Mary a new dress.

注③：第一类可以改为由 to 引导的短语；第二类可以改为由 for 引导的短语。 注④：间接宾语用介词词组表示的场合： a. 对间接宾语加以强调时： I’ve bought it for you, not for myself. I’ll hand this letter to the secretary and not to the director. b. 当直接宾语是一个人称代词时： I’ll send it to you tomorrow. You’d better hand it directly to the headmaster. c. 当直接宾语比间接宾语短时： She showed the picture to the students sitting near her. d. 当间接宾语置于句首时： Who did you send it to? To him I told the story, not to his brother. e. 当间接宾语和直接宾语都是代词时： He gave it to me. I’ll lend them to you.

5．主语 + 谓语 + 宾语补足语： We have proved him wrong. What make you think so? She found the child fast asleep. I called him a fool. 注：这种结构中的谓语动词一般只限于某些复合宾语及物动词。

句 子 成 分 一、主语 主语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1. 名词； 2. 代词； 3. 数词； 4. 动名词； 5. 不定式； 6. 词组或复合 结构； 7. 从句； 8. 名词化的其他词类，如： A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. Who is speaking, please? This is Jack speaking. Two will be enough. Living in that island country for three months was an unforgetable experience for me. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, happy and wise. Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. “A” is an article.

二、表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1. 名词； 2. 代词； 3. 数词； 4. 形容词； 5. 分词； 6. 动名词； 7. 不 定式； 8. 副词； 9. 介词短语； 10. 词组； 11. 从句，如： The masses are the real heroes. That’s something we have always to keep in mind. She was the first to learn about it. My idea is this. Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up. All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now. They are twice the size of chickens. My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.

三、宾语 宾语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1. 名词； 2. 代词； 3. 数词； 4. 动名词； 5. 不定式； 6. 复合结构； 7. 从句； 8. 名词化的形容词及其他词类，如： She died a heroic death. They didn’t promise him anything definite. How many do you want? We need two. Pay attention to uniting and working with comrades who differ with you. Learn to play the piano. I’ll get it stamped. Did you write down what she said?

四、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1. 形容词； 2. 代词； 3. 数词； 4. 名词或名词所有格； 5. 分词； 6. 不定式； 7. 介词短语； 8. 副词； 9. 词组或合成词； 10. 从句，如： His words moved everyone present. We belong to the third world. We must live up to the Party’s expectations. This is indeed a most pressing problem. There are two things to be discussed today. the interests of the people / a man of good temper / a child of five

五、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1. 副词； 2. 介词短语； 3. 不定式； 4. 分词； 5. 形容词； 6. 词组； 7. 复合结构； 8. 从句，如： They were greatly touched to hear the old man’s story. (副词) They did everything they could to save the boy’s life. (不定式) I said it in fun. (介词短语) They all rushed over, eager to help. (形容词) They returned tired and hungry. (形容词) We are working day and night …. (词组) He came up shouldering a spade. (分词) We completed the work five days ahead of time. (词组) Seeing this, some students became very worried. (分词) He entered the room, his nose red with cold. (复合结构)

句 子 的 种 类 一、 陈述句： She arrived quite early. (事实) / She may have arrived now. (看法) 二、疑问句： 1．一般疑问句： Has the factory gone into production? Shall I turn on the TV? 2．特殊疑问句： Which colour do you prefer? How much is this table-cloth? 3．选择疑问句： ① 一般疑问句 + or + 第二个选择: Are you an Englishman or an American? ② 特殊疑问句 + 选择部分: Which do you prefer, red wine or white? 4．反意（或附加）疑问句： You are not going out today, are you? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

三、祈使句： Be sure to get here before nine. You do it right now. 四、感叹句： ① what + 感叹句： What a noble-hearted man he was! What good news it is! ② how + 感叹句： How well she dances! How fast they are working!

句 子 的 结 构 层 次 一、简单句 二、并列句： We love peace but we are not afraid of war. Hurry up, it’s getting late. 三、复合句： There is something in what he said. That’s exactly what I am planning to do. 四、并列复合句