1 7 In 1 teaspoon of healthy soil

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In 1 teaspoon of healthy soil there are… Ø Bacteria Ø Fungi 100 million to 1 billion Ø Protozoa Ø Nematodes Several thousand flagellates & amoeba One to several hundred ciliates 10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders Ø Arthropods Up to 100 Ø Earthworms 5 or more 10 6 -9 ft fungal strands put end to end

ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 22 Peigne´, J. , Cannavaciuolo, M. , Gautronneau, Y. , Aveline, A. , Giteau, J. L. and Cluzeau, D. 2009. Earthworm populations under different tillage systems in organic farming. Soil and Tillage Research. 104: 207 -214. Metzke, M. , Potthoff, M. , Quintern, M. , Heß, J. and Joergensen, R. G. 2007. Effect of reduced tillage systems on earthworm communities in a 6 -year organic rotation. European Journal of Soil Biology. 43: 209 -215. Wuest, S. B. 2001. Earthworm, infiltration, and tillage relationships in a dryland pea–wheat rotation. Applied Soil Ecology. 18: 187 -192. Yahyaabadi, M. and Asadi, A. 2010. Earthworm population response to tillage and residue management in central Iran. 19 th World Congress of Soil Science Australia. 55 -57. Edwards, C. A. and Bohlen, P. J. , The Biology and Ecology of Earthworms, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1996. Edwards, C. A. and Lofty, J. R. 1982. The effect of direct drilling and minimal cultivation on earthworm populations. Journal of Applied Ecology. 19: 723 -734. Tian, G. , Kang, B. T. and Brussaard. 1997. Effect of mulch quality on earthworm activity and nutrient supply in the humid tropics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 29: 369 -373.

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