1 20 The Four Ecological Phases Phase one
























































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1. 歷史背景 人類文明發展歷程(近 20萬年) The Four Ecological Phases Phase one: hunter-gatherer phase l -- 早期的農耕 (數千年) Phase three: The early urban phase l -- 早期的城市(文明的興起) (數千年) Phase four: The high-energy phase l 3 95% 改造 環境 5% -- 狩獵 - 採集的時期 (數萬年) Phase two: The early farming phase l 適應 環境 -- 高耗能的時期 (近三百年)
1. 歷史背景 快速改變(惡質化) 的世界 感染疾病 生態環境 全球大氣 土地利用 臭氧層 生物多樣姓 下降 外來種入侵 毒化生物界 5 Components and interactions of Human-Accelerated Environmental Change http: //www. limnology. org/news/president/2004. shtml
2. 可持續發展 知識的階層 批判力 (倫理:好壞、 對錯) 智慧 (wisdom) Taylor. Liz (2007) Knowledge, information and the business process: Revolutionary thinking or common sense? Chandos Publishing (Oxford) Limited. 知識 (Knowledge) 資訊 (information) 數據 (Data) 11 圖 9. A Knowledge hierarchy (知識的階層) 默會的(tacit)、 需要學習的 明確的、 容易獲取
2. 可持續發展 (The Bruntland Report) �“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ” 生態 生產 生活 12 http: //www. civilengineergroup. com/principles-sustainable-
環境倫理 (Environmental Ethics) �環境倫理:人與自然環境間的關係的道德哲學 �道德哲學 (Moral philosophy): 價值的研究 (the study of values) �好或壞 (good or bad) �對或錯 (Right or wrong) �各種說法、想法、信念等的根本問題: �What do you mean by that? �How come? So what? �Why should I, or you, or anyone believe that? 16 3. 基本學理
3. 基本學理 • 當地社區 • 保護區 (Local communities) (Protected area) ICDP 生物保育 + 社經發展 �Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDP) (保育與發展整合計畫) 26
3. 基本學理 生態面向 • biotic factors • abiotic factors 社會經濟面向 • 利益關係者 • 價值 • 議題 27 Target for ecosystem approach 機構面向 • 法規和信托 • 人事和經費 A conceptual basis for ecosystem management (生態體系的經營管 理).
4. Doing 環境倫理 � 倫理推定 (ethical presumptions): � Right action (正確的行為) � Good action (好的行為) � Consequences (結果) � 向自然學習 � 生態式生活 (Ecological Living) � 適應式倫理 (Adaptive Ethics) 31
倫理推定(ethical presumptions) 責任 (Duty) 責任論的 Deontological 正確行為 Right action 倫理 Ethics 目的論的 Teleological 做好 Being good 後果 Consequences 32 4. Doing 環境倫理 權利 (Rights) 品行 (Character) 關係 (Relationships)
倫理 (Ethics):Right and Good �Right action: (正確行為) �Duty (責任) �Rights (權利) �Being Good: (做好)(好的狀態) �Character (品行) �Relationships (關係) �Consequences: (好結果) �Predicting the future (預測未來) 33 4. Doing 環境倫理
向自然學習:生態式生活 � Sustainable consumption (可持續 消費) 1. Duty (責任): to reduce our 34 consumption 2. Rights (權利): to a healthy environment 3. Character (品行): consumer choices 4. Relationships (關係): with our 4. Doing 環境倫理 natural community
倫理實踐的 作表 �環境議題 (environmental issue): �了解與描述環境議題的內涵 �建構倫理推定 (ethical presumptions): �Give reasons (理由) for responding to this issue based on: 責任、權利、品行與關係 �考量結果 (consequences): �List the likely consequences of acting, and the evidence needed �自己下決定 (Make your decision) 35 4. Doing 環境倫理
5. 企業與保育 Fig. 1. 2 Four organizational models: Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 摘取自:Abe, J. M. , P. E. Dempsey, and D. A. Bassett (1998) Business Ecology, giving your organization the natural edge. Butterworth-Heinemann. 37
Fig. 1. 2 Four organizational models: 5. 企業與保育 Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 污染者付費 輸出的管制 38 38
5. 企業與保育 Fig. 1. 2 Four organizational models: Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 生產效率的提昇 輸入的管理 39
5. 企業與保育 40 40 Fig. 11 -1. The bout-face needed in the management of production systems. (A( Focus on output (yield) with consequences such as increased nonpoint-source population.
5. 企業與保育 Post-1990 41 41
5. 企業與保育 文明發展(2000年後),何去何從? �永續發展,需要「高度整合」 (high integration)? 多元途徑: 人類生態學 (Human Ecology) 事業生態學 (Business Ecology) 自然之道 (The Natural Step) 美學的經濟 (the economy of Aesthetics) 藍海策略 (Blue ocean strategy) 42
5. 企業與保育 事業 生態學 Abe, J. M. , P. E. Dempsey, and D. A. Bassett (1998) Business Ecology, giving your organization the natural edge. Butterworth. Heinemann. 43
5. 企業與保育 Business Ecology (事業生態 學) 44 新世紀 post-2000
5. 企業與保育 Interface 公司:朝向可持續發展成功的 範例 Ray C. Anderson 著 / 鄭益明 譯 新自然主義出版 u. PLETSUS: Practices Leading Toward Sustainability (公司操作導向提升可持續性) u. QUEST: Quality Utilizing Employees’ Suggestions and Teamwork (有效的接受員 的創意,彙整 合作的力量,質的提升) 45
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