1 2 Scientific Method Thinking Like a Scientist

1. 2 Scientific Method Thinking Like a Scientist Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1954. Learning Goal Describe the activities that are part of the scientific method. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Scientific Method The scientific method is a set of general principles that helps to describe how a scientist thinks. 1. Make observations about nature and ask questions about what you observe. 2. Propose a hypothesis, which states a possible explanation of the observations. 3. Several experiments may be done to test the hypothesis. 4. When results of the experiments are analyzed, a conclusion is made as to whether the hypothesis may be true or false. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Using the Scientific Method Suppose you visit a friend in her home and soon after you arrive, you begin to sneeze. • You observe that your friend has a new cat. • You ask yourself why you are sneezing and form a hypothesis that you are allergic to cats. • You perform experiments to test your hypothesis by visiting other friends with cats. • If you sneeze after leaving the other homes with cats, you come to the conclusion that your hypothesis is correct. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Using the Scientific Method Through your observations, you may determine that you are allergic to cat hair and dander. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Using the Scientific Method The hypothesis is modified if the results of the experiments do not support it. The scientific method develops conclusions using observations, hypotheses, and experiments. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Study Check Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C): A. During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you ran for 25 minutes on the treadmill. B. Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood pressure. C. Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to increased exercise. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C): A. During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you ran for 25 minutes on the treadmill. Observation (O) B. Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood pressure. Conclusion (C) C. Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to increased exercise. Hypothesis (H) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.