1 2 Cell Theory All living things are

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2 Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells • Cells

2 Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells • Cells are the basic unit in living things • All cells come from other cells

3 Robert Hooke-1665 • The first to see cells. • He saw cork Cells.

3 Robert Hooke-1665 • The first to see cells. • He saw cork Cells. • First to use the word cells.

 • Robert Hooke built this microscope in the 17 th century for research.

• Robert Hooke built this microscope in the 17 th century for research. • He discovered the cell structure of plants by observing a thin slice of cork under his microscope. 4

5 Schwann 1839 *Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

5 Schwann 1839 *Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

6 Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plants are made up of cells

6 Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plants are made up of cells

8 Two basic Types of Cells

8 Two basic Types of Cells

9 Prokaryotic Cells DO NOT HAVE DO HAVE • Cell membrane • Nucleus •

9 Prokaryotic Cells DO NOT HAVE DO HAVE • Cell membrane • Nucleus • Ribosomes • DNA • All single celled organisms. • They still carry out all of life’s functions! Example: • Clip Bacteria

10 Eukaryotic Cells • Have organelles. • Unicellular or multicellular • Examples: animals, plants,

10 Eukaryotic Cells • Have organelles. • Unicellular or multicellular • Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protists • Discovery Channel Eukaryotic Cells • Harvard Video Inner Cell

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12 Basic Cell Structure • Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. •

12 Basic Cell Structure • Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. • Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things • Discovery Channel Intro to Cells

Basic Cell Structure The Cell Membrane • The outside of all cells are surrounded

Basic Cell Structure The Cell Membrane • The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. • Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 13

14 Membrane Structure • There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get

14 Membrane Structure • There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. • They also help to get messages into the cell.

15 Proteins in Membrane

15 Proteins in Membrane

16 The Membrane is a lipid bilayer.

16 The Membrane is a lipid bilayer.

Cell Membrane • Selective Permeability –membrane’s ability to allow small molecules through and keeps

Cell Membrane • Selective Permeability –membrane’s ability to allow small molecules through and keeps larger molecules out. Helps maintain HOMEOSTASIS

49 How do molecules get into and out of a cell?

49 How do molecules get into and out of a cell?

 • Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration • Always higher

• Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration • Always higher to lower! • No energy required! Diffusion 50

51 Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a cell membrane

51 Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a cell membrane

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Solutions – Higher concentration of solutes = hypertonic. – Lower concentration of solutes is

Solutions – Higher concentration of solutes = hypertonic. – Lower concentration of solutes is hypotonic. – Equal solute concentrations are isotonic.

63 3 types of Solutions

63 3 types of Solutions

What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic

What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic

53 Transport through the membrane Two types – Facilitated Diffusion • Energy NOT required

53 Transport through the membrane Two types – Facilitated Diffusion • Energy NOT required – Active Transport • Energy required

54 Facilitated Diffusion Energy is NOT required to move substances across the membrane. Protein

54 Facilitated Diffusion Energy is NOT required to move substances across the membrane. Protein

55 Facilitated Diffusion High Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Low Concentration Glucose molecules Protein channel

55 Facilitated Diffusion High Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Low Concentration Glucose molecules Protein channel

56 Active Transport • Energy is required. • Need ATP • Low to high

56 Active Transport • Energy is required. • Need ATP • Low to high

57 Compare/ Contrast Passive Transport Active Transport

57 Compare/ Contrast Passive Transport Active Transport

58 Other ways to get molecules into and out of a cell Some molecules

58 Other ways to get molecules into and out of a cell Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane. Website 1. Endocytosis • Into 1. Exocytosis • Out of

E N D O C Y T O S I S 59

E N D O C Y T O S I S 59

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62 Inside of the cell Exocytosis Outside of the cell

62 Inside of the cell Exocytosis Outside of the cell

solutions

solutions

Plasmolysis

Plasmolysis

17 Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.

17 Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.

18 • Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria. • The

18 • Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria. • The cell wall provides support and protection for these cells. • In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose.

19 Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles.

19 Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles.

 • Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the

• Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive. • The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.

21 Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Each organelle has a specific function so that

21 Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. • Each organelle has its own job! • Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

22 What an organelle? • Organelle mean “tiny organ. ” • Organelles function together

22 What an organelle? • Organelle mean “tiny organ. ” • Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!!

24 Nucleus-The Control Center • The Brain • Contains the DNA • DNA controls

24 Nucleus-The Control Center • The Brain • Contains the DNA • DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! • Where ribosomes are made

25 • The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it. • The nuclear pores

25 • The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it. • The nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus. • The DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus.

27 Ribosomes • Not technically an organelles. • Nickname: “protein maker” • Place where

27 Ribosomes • Not technically an organelles. • Nickname: “protein maker” • Place where proteins are made. • They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. • Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA • website

29 Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport. •

29 Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport. • Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis.

30 Two types of ER • Smooth – No attached ribosomes • Rough –

30 Two types of ER • Smooth – No attached ribosomes • Rough – Attached ribosomes

31 ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.

31 ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.

33 Golgi Apparatus • Nickname: “UPS” • Packages molecules and sends them to their

33 Golgi Apparatus • Nickname: “UPS” • Packages molecules and sends them to their destination. • Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. • Website

35 Golgi w/vacuoles Vacuoles are packages of material that are being transported.

35 Golgi w/vacuoles Vacuoles are packages of material that are being transported.

36 Lysosomes • Nickname “Recycling Center” • Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle

36 Lysosomes • Nickname “Recycling Center” • Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules.

37 Vacuoles • Storage and transport containers. • Plants usually have one large one

37 Vacuoles • Storage and transport containers. • Plants usually have one large one • Animals generally have many small ones.

38 • A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion

38 • A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small. • Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure. When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.

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40 Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants.

40 Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants.

41 Cytoskeleton • Gives cells their shape. • Contain proteins: microtubules and microfilaments. Microfilaments

41 Cytoskeleton • Gives cells their shape. • Contain proteins: microtubules and microfilaments. Microfilaments help give the cell shape, and movement in cytoplasm. Microtubules aids in chromosome movement, movement of organelles, and the movement of cilia and flagella. Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasis

42 Microtubules and Microfilaments

42 Microtubules and Microfilaments

43 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Michondrion

43 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Michondrion

44 Mitochondria • Nickname: “Powerhouse” • Site of ATP production • ATP is the

44 Mitochondria • Nickname: “Powerhouse” • Site of ATP production • ATP is the universal energy molecule • Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. • Website

45 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Cell wall

45 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Cell wall Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrian Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell

Organelles of the Cell Clip Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrian

Organelles of the Cell Clip Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrian Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Animal Cell

Animal Cell and Plant Cell Clip

Animal Cell and Plant Cell Clip

48 Levels of Organization • Cells make up tissues. • Tissues make up Organs.

48 Levels of Organization • Cells make up tissues. • Tissues make up Organs. • Organs make up organ systems.

64 Microscopes

64 Microscopes

65 Stage Arm Coarse Adjustment Fine 100 x 10 x Stage Body Nosepiece Eyepiece

65 Stage Arm Coarse Adjustment Fine 100 x 10 x Stage Body Nosepiece Eyepiece Oil Adjustment Objectives Base Objective lens Tube Clips Diaphragm Light Source

 • This beautiful microscope was made for the famous British scientist Robert Hooke

• This beautiful microscope was made for the famous British scientist Robert Hooke in the late 1600 s, and was one of the most elegant microscopes built during the period. Hooke illustrated the microscope in his Micrographia, one of the first detailed treatises on microscopy and imaging.

Electron Microscopes • use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on

Electron Microscopes • use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale • Co-invented by Germans, Max Knott and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention. • 15 x to 200, 000 x

Below are five different images of the same mosquito.

Below are five different images of the same mosquito.

 • The fossilized shell of a microscopic ocean animal is magnified 392 times

• The fossilized shell of a microscopic ocean animal is magnified 392 times its actual size. The ancient creature, called Radiolarian, lived in the waters off Antarctica and is now used to study such things as climate and ocean circulation.