1 2 Cell Theory All living things are
- Slides: 79
1
2 Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells • Cells are the basic unit in living things • All cells come from other cells
3 Robert Hooke-1665 • The first to see cells. • He saw cork Cells. • First to use the word cells.
• Robert Hooke built this microscope in the 17 th century for research. • He discovered the cell structure of plants by observing a thin slice of cork under his microscope. 4
5 Schwann 1839 *Concluded that all animals are made up of cells
6 Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plants are made up of cells
8 Two basic Types of Cells
9 Prokaryotic Cells DO NOT HAVE DO HAVE • Cell membrane • Nucleus • Ribosomes • DNA • All single celled organisms. • They still carry out all of life’s functions! Example: • Clip Bacteria
10 Eukaryotic Cells • Have organelles. • Unicellular or multicellular • Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protists • Discovery Channel Eukaryotic Cells • Harvard Video Inner Cell
11
12 Basic Cell Structure • Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. • Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things • Discovery Channel Intro to Cells
Basic Cell Structure The Cell Membrane • The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. • Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 13
14 Membrane Structure • There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. • They also help to get messages into the cell.
15 Proteins in Membrane
16 The Membrane is a lipid bilayer.
Cell Membrane • Selective Permeability –membrane’s ability to allow small molecules through and keeps larger molecules out. Helps maintain HOMEOSTASIS
49 How do molecules get into and out of a cell?
• Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration • Always higher to lower! • No energy required! Diffusion 50
51 Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a cell membrane
52
Solutions – Higher concentration of solutes = hypertonic. – Lower concentration of solutes is hypotonic. – Equal solute concentrations are isotonic.
63 3 types of Solutions
What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic
53 Transport through the membrane Two types – Facilitated Diffusion • Energy NOT required – Active Transport • Energy required
54 Facilitated Diffusion Energy is NOT required to move substances across the membrane. Protein
55 Facilitated Diffusion High Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Low Concentration Glucose molecules Protein channel
56 Active Transport • Energy is required. • Need ATP • Low to high
57 Compare/ Contrast Passive Transport Active Transport
58 Other ways to get molecules into and out of a cell Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane. Website 1. Endocytosis • Into 1. Exocytosis • Out of
E N D O C Y T O S I S 59
60
61
62 Inside of the cell Exocytosis Outside of the cell
solutions
Plasmolysis
17 Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.
18 • Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria. • The cell wall provides support and protection for these cells. • In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose.
19 Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles.
• Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive. • The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.
21 Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. • Each organelle has its own job! • Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!
22 What an organelle? • Organelle mean “tiny organ. ” • Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!!
24 Nucleus-The Control Center • The Brain • Contains the DNA • DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! • Where ribosomes are made
25 • The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it. • The nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus. • The DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus.
27 Ribosomes • Not technically an organelles. • Nickname: “protein maker” • Place where proteins are made. • They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. • Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA • website
29 Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport. • Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis.
30 Two types of ER • Smooth – No attached ribosomes • Rough – Attached ribosomes
31 ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.
33 Golgi Apparatus • Nickname: “UPS” • Packages molecules and sends them to their destination. • Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. • Website
35 Golgi w/vacuoles Vacuoles are packages of material that are being transported.
36 Lysosomes • Nickname “Recycling Center” • Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules.
37 Vacuoles • Storage and transport containers. • Plants usually have one large one • Animals generally have many small ones.
38 • A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small. • Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure. When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.
39
40 Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants.
41 Cytoskeleton • Gives cells their shape. • Contain proteins: microtubules and microfilaments. Microfilaments help give the cell shape, and movement in cytoplasm. Microtubules aids in chromosome movement, movement of organelles, and the movement of cilia and flagella. Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasis
42 Microtubules and Microfilaments
43 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Michondrion
44 Mitochondria • Nickname: “Powerhouse” • Site of ATP production • ATP is the universal energy molecule • Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. • Website
45 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Cell wall Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrian Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell
Organelles of the Cell Clip Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrian Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Animal Cell
Animal Cell and Plant Cell Clip
48 Levels of Organization • Cells make up tissues. • Tissues make up Organs. • Organs make up organ systems.
64 Microscopes
65 Stage Arm Coarse Adjustment Fine 100 x 10 x Stage Body Nosepiece Eyepiece Oil Adjustment Objectives Base Objective lens Tube Clips Diaphragm Light Source
• This beautiful microscope was made for the famous British scientist Robert Hooke in the late 1600 s, and was one of the most elegant microscopes built during the period. Hooke illustrated the microscope in his Micrographia, one of the first detailed treatises on microscopy and imaging.
Electron Microscopes • use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale • Co-invented by Germans, Max Knott and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention. • 15 x to 200, 000 x
Below are five different images of the same mosquito.
• The fossilized shell of a microscopic ocean animal is magnified 392 times its actual size. The ancient creature, called Radiolarian, lived in the waters off Antarctica and is now used to study such things as climate and ocean circulation.
- Mikael ferm
- What is the smallest living unit in the body
- 7 life processes
- Venn diagram living and non living
- 8 levels of classification
- Cell tissue organ organ system organism
- Life cycle of all living things
- What are the 5 basic needs of all living things
- Different types of living organisms
- Throwaway living
- The scientist mathias schleiden studied _______ in ______.
- Name a line containing point a
- Is a burning candle living or nonliving
- Living non living dead
- Why is water important to living things
- Non living things in temperate forest
- 5 kingdoms of living things
- Life's structure and classification answers key
- Living things meaning
- Ecosystem living and nonliving things
- Organic compound made by living things
- Sample classification of organisms
- Domain of living things
- 6 kingdoms characteristics
- Living things 20
- Everything that is alive needs energy
- Are all first level consumers carnivores
- Living thing
- What is a community of living and nonliving things
- Gets its energy from eating living things
- Archaea kingdom
- A genus is subdivided into smaller groups called
- What are the 7 classifications of living things
- Living things classification
- 5 groups of living things
- Domain of living things
- What are the 7 classifications of living things
- Thampis torrent frog
- How living things are organized
- Structural adaptations examples
- Chapter 7 the evolution of living things answers
- Living things 20
- Living things 20
- Phylum class order
- Changes in living things
- Biotic
- Non living things outside
- 5 groups of living things
- 7 characteristics of life
- What are the six kingdoms of life
- Seven life processes
- How are living things named
- 10 characteristics of living things
- 6 characteristics of living things
- What part of the plant carries and protects the seed
- Characteristics of living things
- Movement characteristics of living things
- Classifying living things lesson 1 answer key
- Living things in hydrosphere
- Kingdom phylum class order
- List six characteristics of living things
- Why are enzymes important to living things
- How do viruses differ from living things
- Unicellular vs multicellular
- Five kingdoms of living things
- What function does atp carry out in living things
- How living things obtain energy worksheet answers
- Chhotu's house worksheet
- Six characteristics of living things
- Two characteristics of living things
- The nine characteristics of life
- Microphege
- How living things obtain energy worksheet answers
- What makes a living thing
- Living things grow images
- Six animal kingdoms
- Mrsgren
- Classification of living things notes
- Living things
- Living things