1 1 Static Visual acuity n n 2020

壹-1 基礎視覺能力 1. 靜態視力（Static Visual acuity） n n 20/20 vision means that you see at 20 ft what a person with normal vision sees at 20 ft 20/100 means that you see at 20 ft what a person with normal vision sees at 100 ft Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

Visual Acuity n n Degree of detail that can be seen in an object A Snellen eye chart is used to determine visual acuity Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

出生 20/200 and 20/400 6月大 1歲 20/200 20/50 4 -5 歲 20/20 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

2. 動態視力（Dynamic visual acuity） 1. 可以看清楚移動中的物體 Ability to see the detail in moving objects 2. 中樞神經系統可以預測物體的方向 Ability of the central nervous system to estimate an object’s direction 3. 眼球動作系統可以盯到並且維持視線在 物體上 Ability of the ocular-motor system “to catch” and “to hold” an object’s image on the eye’s fovea long enough to see detail Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

3. 視野（Field of Vision） n David’s 1987 experiment examining peripheral vision processing during the performance of a catching task Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

視力與動作表現的關係 (Visual Acuity and Motor Performance) 兩種視力都很重要 Both static and dynamic visual acuity play keys roles n 動態視力對於許多運動更為重要 Dynamic visual acuity is highly correlated with success in n Free throw shooting Ball catching Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2 視知覺（Visual Perception） 視知覺（ 1. 深度知覺（Depth Perception） 2. 圖形背景（Figure ground） 3. 視覺完形（Visual Closure） 4. 視覺區辨（Visual Discrimination） 5. 空間關係（Spatial Relationship） 6. 空間位置（Position in Space） 7. 形狀恆常（Form Constancy） Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2. 1 深度知覺 判斷物體間距離的能力 關於深度知覺有趣的實驗 n The Visual Cliff n Note the mother attempting to coax the infant into crossing the apparent deep (cliff) side Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2. 2 物體恆常性 （Form Constancy） Recognizing forms and objects as the same in various environments, positions, and sizes. Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2. 3 空間定點 （Position in Space） Determining the spatial relationship of figures and objects to self or other forms and objects. Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2. 4 空間關係 （Spatial Relations） Determining the position of objects relative to each other. ~ 也參見前面的圖 ~ Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2. 5 視覺完形 （Visual-Closure） Identifying forms of objects from incomplete presentations. Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

壹-2. 6 圖形背景 （Figure Ground） Differentiating between foreground and background forms and objects Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

貳-1 本體感覺系統 （Proprioceptive system） 無視覺狀態下知道肢體的位置與動作 The ability to be aware of location and movements in space without visual references A factor contributing to the development of body awareness, spatial awareness, and directional awareness Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

本體感覺系統 （Proprioceptive system） n 肌梭（Muscle spindles） n n n 高基氏器（Golgi tendon organs） n n Can gauge the amount of tension within the muscle Senses how the muscle is stretched Monitors tension in the muscle 關節接受器（Joint receptors） n Limit detectors Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

貳-2 運動知覺（Kinesthesia） 能瞭解關節動作的弧度與方向 Identifying the excursion and direction of joint movement. Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

參-1 前庭覺系統 （Vestibular system） n Vestibular apparatus n Located in the inner ear n 旋轉動作 Rotational motion n n Semicircular canals (angular accelerometers) 線性加速 Linear acceleration n Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

肆-1 膚覺或觸覺系統 (Cutaneous or Haptic or Tactile System) 輕觸覺（light touch） 壓覺（pressure） 振動覺（vibration） 溫度覺（temperature） 痛覺（pain） Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

伍 其他的一些知覺表現 身體意象（Body Scheme） 左右區辨 （Right-Left Discrimination） 地理定向（Topographical Orientation） Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

伍-1 身體意象（Body Scheme ） 對身體部位及彼此間相互 關係的內化或自動化能力 Acquiring an internal awareness of the body and the relationship of body parts to each other. Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

伍-2 方向覺知 （Directional Awareness） - 內在方位的判定 laterality (internal) - 外在方向的判定 directionality (external) (gives dimension to objects in space) 譬如：左右區辨 （Right-Left Discrimination） Differentiating one side from the other Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

~~外在方位判定 1. 9, p, q, b 2. tac, cat 3. bad, dab 4. 4 -5 歲confusion, 6 -7歲仍會有問題 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

伍-3 地理定向 （Topographical Orientation） Determining the location of objects and settings and the route to the location. Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

陸 動作的簡要分類 精細動作（Fine motor） 粗大動作（Gross motor） 眼球動作（Eye movement） 口腔動作（Oral motor） Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

陸-1 精細動作 伸手（reach） 抓握（grasp） 手中操作 （in-hand manipulation） 攜帶（carry） 放掉（release） Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002 雙側整合

陸-3 眼球動作 n 眼球追視（Smooth pursuit system） n n Eye movement speed and speed of projectile 眼球快速定點 （Saccadic eye-movement system） n Corrects differences between projectile location and eye fixation Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

視覺追蹤與攔截 Tracking and Object Interception 40 -52 weeks Can track a 180 degree arc 5 -6 yr Efficiently track object in horizontal plane 8 -9 yr Track balls that travel in arc Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

Bassin anticipation time n Coincidenceanticipation n Process involving object interception n Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

柒 知覺動作歷程 What is Perceptual-Motor ? 知覺動作是否該定義成與學校學習 有關？各位老師的看法？ The perceptual-motor concept refers to movement activities, usually involving children, performed with primary intent of improving cognitive or academic skills Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

柒 知覺動作歷程 （Perceptual-Motor Process） 1)確認環境刺激 Environmental stimulation that is relevant to a movement is recognized 2)大腦接收訊息 The brain receives the information through the afferent nervous system 3) 統整新舊感覺訊息 Sensory integration ~ brain organizes the new and old information about the movement Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

4) 決定如何執行 A decision is made to move 5) 傳遞訊息給動作系統 The appropriate movement information is efferently transmitted to the muscles to create the movement 6) 執行動作 The movement is performed 7) 觀察-貯存-校正 Movement is observed and relevant information is stored for the future Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002

接收環境刺激 思考 （Ideation） 傳遞環境刺激 計畫 planning 整合環境刺激 知覺 預期與準備(anticipation & preparation) 執行 Mc. Graw-Hill Copyright © 2002 回饋