1 01 Remember structural organization 1 01 Remember

1. 01 Remember structural organization

1. 01 Remember the body’s structural organization Essential Questions �How is the human body organized? �What are the structural components of the body? �How does the body’s structural organization relate to its support and movement? 1. 01 Remember structural organization 2

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY �Anatomy: The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts. �Physiology: The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. �Pathology: The study of diseases. �Pathophysiology: The study of the underlying physiological aspects of disease. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 3

Levels of Organization �Organization is the most important characteristic of body structure �The body as a whole is a unit constructed of the following smaller units: � Atoms & molecules-chemical level � Cells- the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals � Tissues-organizations of similar cells � Organs-organizations of different kinds of tissues � Systems- organizations of many different kinds of organs 1. 01 Remember structural organization 4

carbon atom DNA molecule organelle cell tissue organism organ system 1. 01 Remember structural organization organ 5

Organization of the human body: Tissues Composed of: 1. 01 Remember structural organization 6

QUIZ �When referencing tissues in the human body; Cells are grouped by �________________________ �____________ 1. 01 Remember structural organization 7

Organization of the human body: Tissues Types of tissues: � Epithelial tissue � Connective tissue � Muscle tissue � Nervous tissue 1. 01 Remember structural organization 8

Organization of the human body: Tissues Epithelial Tissue protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions � Skin �covers the outside of the body �lines the inside of the body � Membrane (Serous) �two thin layers of tissue that join together �cells may secrete a fluid �Example; Pleural & Pericardial �Outer part is called parietal membrane �Peritoneal lines the abdominal cavity 1. 01 Remember structural organization 9

Organization of the human body: Tissues Epithelial tissues Squamous Cuboidal 1. 01 Remember structural organization Columnar 10

Organization of the human body: Tissues Connective tissue supports and connects organs and tissue � Adipose type of connective tissue that stores fat cells � Cartilage firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton � Tendons white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone � Ligaments strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints 1. 01 Remember structural organization 11

Organization of the human body: Tissues Connective tissue Adipose Fibrocartilage 1. 01 Remember structural organization Elastic cartilage 12

Organization of the human body: Tissues Muscle tissue contracts and moves a body part Cardiac striated, involuntary contracts the heart Skeletal striated, voluntary attached to the skeleton Smooth � nonstriated, involuntary � provides movement in various body systems 1. 01 Remember structural organization 13

Organization of the human body: Tissues Muscle tissue Cardiac Skeletal 1. 01 Remember structural organization Smooth 14

Organization of the human body: Tissues �Nervous tissue reacts to stimulation and conducts an impulse 1. 01 Remember structural organization 15

Organization of the human body: Tissues Nervous tissue Neuron 1. 01 Remember structural organization 16

The Balance of Body Functions �Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment) �The body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis �Feedback loops involve a sensor, a control center, and an effector 1. 01 Remember structural organization 17

The Balance of Body Functions �All organs function to maintain homeostasis �Ability to maintain balance of body functions is related to age: peak efficiency occurs during young adulthood; diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood 1. 01 Remember structural organization 18

Homeostasis refers to the process of keeping a state of balance in the body.

Interdependence means that systems must work together to support human life. Examples: • The cardiovascular system works with the respiratory and digestive systems to supply oxygen and nutrients from outside sources to the cells in the body. • The nervous system works together with the sensory system to recognize changes and respond to them. • The muscular and skeletal systems work together to produce movement. • The endocrine system supplies hormones that direct activities in many other body systems, including the urinary and reproductive systems.

Disease is a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body. Causes of disease: • Genetic or developmental errors • Infection • Poisons • Nutritional deficiencies or imbalance • Toxicity • Unfavorable environmental factors

Signs vs. Symptoms Signs of disease are objective; they can be measured. Signs of Disease: • Fever • High blood pressure • Rash Symptoms of disease are subjective. Symptoms can’t be observed by another person; but a person that is ill experiences them. Symptoms of Disease: • Dizziness • Pain • Blurry vision

When body systems are not functioning properly and homeostasis is not being maintained, this can create problems with the cells in the body. Abnormal cell growth includes: Atrophy – a decrease in size of cells as a result of age or disease. Hyperplasia – an increase in the number of cells. Metaplasia – cells being replaced by another type of cell. Dysplasia – cells changing in shape or organization. Neoplasia – cells changing in structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern.

• When cells grow old, they should die and become replaced with new cells. • Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when your body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. A tumor (neoplasm) is a mass formed when abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth occurs.

Benign tumors are tumors that only grow in one place. They cannot spread or invade other parts of the body. However, they can be dangerous if they press on vital organs, such as your brain. Malignant tumors are also called cancer. This type of tumor crowds out healthy cells as it continues to grow.

Organ Systems 1. 01 Remember structural organization 26

Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 27

Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 28

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. Click here to heartbeat The heart pumps blood. One of most complexed systems in body. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 29

Red Thymus bone marrow Lymphatic Vessels & Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 30

Nasal Cavity & Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lungs Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs 1. 01 Remember structural organization of the lungs. 31

Oral Cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum & Anus Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 32

Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc. ) 1. 01 Remember structural organization receptors and sweat and oil glands. 33

Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 34

Sensory System The Skin 1. 01 Remember structural organization The Tongue 35

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder & Urethra Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 36

QUIZ �Identify the 4 types of tissues in the body… �Write 1 example for each… �Identify the 4 types of muscles in the body �Identify which are voluntary/involuntary �Identify 6 Primary directional terms 1. 01 Remember structural organization 37

4 th MUSCLE �SPHINCTER �Tightly wound Ringed muscles that retain particular body fluids from leaking out! 1. 01 Remember structural organization 38

Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 39

Reproductive System Female Male Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk 40 to nourish the newborn. 1. 01 Remember structural organization

Structural Organization Units 1. 01 Remember structural organization 41

Structural organization units �Instructions � Handout pg 15 provides general background info on terminology and definitions; this follows pages 32 -44 in the text. “WORKING WITH A PARTNER” COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING! � Using the text and handout, complete your packet pg 16 -25 � Also use a separate sheet of paper to draw/trace Figure 2 -2 on pg 33 in the text. ALL WORK MUST BE COMPLETED TODAY! 1. 01 Remember structural organization 42

Anatomical Position �Reference position in which the body is standing erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward. �Anatomical position gives meaning to directional terms 1. 01 Remember structural organization 43

Structural organization units Anatomical position 1. 01 Remember structural organization 44

Structural organization units Anatomical position Discuss the importance of anatomical position. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 45

Anatomical Directions �Superior-toward the head, upper, above �Inferior-toward the feet, lower, below 1. 01 Remember structural organization 46

Structural organization units Directional Terms & planes 1. 01 Remember structural organization 47

Anatomical Directions �Anterior-front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) �Posterior-back, in back of ( same as dorsal in humans) 1. 01 Remember structural organization 48

Structural organization units Directional Terms & planes 1. 01 Remember structural organization 49

Anatomical Directions �Medial-toward the midline of a structure �Lateral-away from the midline or toward the side of a structure 1. 01 Remember structural organization 50

Structural organization units Directional Terms & planes 1. 01 Remember structural organization 51

Anatomical Directions �Proximal-toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure �Distal-away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin. 1. 01 Remember structural organization 52

Structural organization units Body directions 1. 01 Remember structural organization 53

Anatomical Directions �Superficial-nearer the body surface �Deep-farther away from the body surface 1. 01 Remember structural organization 54

Structural organization units 1. 01 Remember structural organization 55

Planes or Body Sections �Sagittal plane-lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections �Midsagittal-sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves �Frontal (coronal) plane- lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections �Transverse plane- horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections 1. 01 Remember structural organization 56

Structural organization units Body planes 1. 01 Remember structural organization 57

Structural organization units Body cavities 1. 01 Remember structural organization 58

Body Cavities �The body is made up of open cavities that contain well-ordered arrangements of internal organs. �Ventral Cavity�Thoracic cavity Mediastinum-midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum Pleural cavities-right lung located in right pleural cavity; left lung in left pleural cavity 1. 01 Remember structural organization 59

Body Cavities �Ventral Cavity �Abdominopelvic cavity �Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen �Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine �Abdominopelvic regions Nine regions Four quadrants 1. 01 Remember structural organization 60

Abdominal Quadrants 1. 01 Remember structural organization 61

Abdominal Regions 1. 01 Remember structural organization 62

Body Cavities �Dorsal Cavity �Cranial cavity contains brain �Spinal cavity contains spinal cord 1. 01 Remember structural organization 63

Structural organization units Body cavities 1. 01 Remember structural organization 64

Body Regions �Axial region-head, neck, and torso or trunk �Appendicular regionupper and lower extrimities 1. 01 Remember structural organization 65

1. 01 Remember structural organization Group Review

1. 01 Remember structural organization Essential Questions �How is the human body organized? �What are the structural components of the body? �How does the body’s structural organization relate to its support and movement? 1. 01 Remember structural organization 67

Questions � 1. Explain the difference between anatomy & physiology. � 2. Name and explain the structural levels of organization of the body and give an example of each. � 3. Name the 2 major body cavities and describe what is in each. � 4. What is meant by a positive & negative feedback loop? Give an example of a feedback loop in the body. � 5. What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body? Give an example for each. 68