01102014 Focus Lesson Grab a new focus lesson

01/10/2014 Focus Lesson Grab a new focus lesson from the front desk. Don’t forget our other procedures! Find your pencil box Clear your desk Have your id out for me to check Life is tough, but so are you.

Table Review: Answer on Page 35 (5 minutes) What kind of cell division is required for sexual reproduction? In which organs does this division occur? (Specify for male AND female) Explain the importance of chromosome count in this process (using bio- specific vocabulary like haploid and diploid)

Essential Question Why is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules so important? Daily Objectives: SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the production of proteins. SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand of DNA and a codon chart.

How will we get there? Before the Break Notes: Sexual Reproduction (Pg 33) Development during Trimesters: Baby Book (Pg 34) Winter Packet This Class Review Complete Page 35 Notes: Reproduction Protein Synthesis Page 37 Diagram the Central Dogma Page 36 White board Practice Post-it exit Slip

In the top margin of Page 37 Answer the following questions: What is the monomer of a protein? Which elements come together to build this molecule?

Protein Synthesis Transcription, Translation

We are in pursuit of the answer to the following question: Why are we all so gosh darn good looking? Beautiful Shum Hint: Proteins! Family

We need to know 3 steps 1. Make RNA 2. De-code RNA 3. What is it? Transcription Translation Make Protein Synthesis

Prepare your Notes: Right Hand Side of your Notebook Page 37 You should have answered 2 questions here, from a previous slide Protein Synthesis This is the title of your notes! This should be what you put in the Table of Contents

Step 1: Need RNA Ribonucleic Acid Single stranded Made in the Nucleus Monomer: Nucleotides sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogen base: A-U, G-C U= Uracil What qualitative observations do you notice about the nitrogen bases found in RNA?

Always remember… RNA loves U

Page 36 - top half Compare and Contrast DNA Both RNA

Answers!- Check your work DNA double Both stranded -both are used in transcription -made up of uses the sugar phosphates, deoxyribose sugars and cannot leave the nitrogen bases nucleus -contain genetic used in DNA information Replication -use G, C and A A=T RNA single stranded A=U uses the sugar ribose Can leave the nucleus used in translation

Why is RNA single stranded? DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so in order to make proteins, m. RNA must be made.

Step 1 Continued: Transcription 1. 2. DNA unzips- How? m. RNA is made from the DNA template This happens in the nucleus. Following base pair rules (DNA m. RNA) Draw a Picture of Transcription: Transcription 1 DNA 1 m. RNA

Practice with Transcription Let’s practice transcription! I’ll give you one strand of DNA, and you complete the complementary strand of RNA. (Remember, in RNA replace T with U). DNA strand: ATT AGG CCG GAT TAG CCT ATT RNA strand: UAA UCC G DNA strand: ATT GCA TTA TCG ATT ATC CTA RNA strand:

Check your work! Practice with Transcription Let’s practice transcription! I’ll give you one strand of DNA, and you complete the complementary strand of RNA. (Remember, in RNA replace T with U). DNA strand: ATT AGG CCG GAT TAG CCT ATT RNA strand: UAA UCC GGC CUA AUC GGA UAA DNA strand: ATT GCA TTA TCG ATT ATC CTA RNA strand: UAA CGU AAU AGC UAA UAG GAU

On page 36 - UPPER MARGIN Use the following decoder to decipher the following code: UGCGACUACUGA GAC = State GGG = Your UGA = Awesome AAG = White CAC = teacher CGA = School GCU = Awful UGC = Florida UAC = Is CCA = Biology UCC = Ed ACC = High

Step 2: Decode RNA Translation- changing the language From m. RNA nucleotides into amino acids In the ribosome (r. RNA) In order to make the amino acid chain in translation, the m. RNA is “read” with each set of 3 nucleotides acting like a word. Each of these 3 letter words is called a codon, and different codons code for different amino acids. Ex: AUG=amino acid methionine GCA=amino acid alanine (3 nucleotides=1 codon=1 amino acid)

Step 2: Decode RNA continued t. RNA brings in amino acids according to the codon These attach at the ribosome

Step 3: Building the protein Synthesis The amino acids link together to form a protein polymer What is another biological term for protein? 1 m. RNA Amino Acid chain = Protein

DNA ---- m. RNA ------ Amino Acid Chain (Polypeptide Chain) = Protein

You can use a chart to figure out what 3 nucleotides code for each of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins: 2 nd Nucleotide 1 st Nucleotide 3 rd Nucleotide

Translation Practice Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the m. RNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid) You will need a text book PAGE 244. m. RNA strand: AUG CCC UUU GAG AAG amino acid chain: methionine-proline CGU

Check your work! Translation Practice • -Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the m. RNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid) m. RNA strand: AUG CCC UUU GAG AAG CGU UAA amino acid chain: MET–PRO–PHE–GLU- LYS-ARG-STOP

Practice Continued m. RNA strand: AUG GGG UGG AGA AGU GUG UGA amino acid chain:

Check your work! Translation Practice • -Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the m. RNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid) m. RNA strand: AUG GGG UGG AGA AGU GUG UGA amino acid chain: MET-GLY-TRY-ARG-VAL-STOP

Practice continued m. RNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA amino acid chain:

Check your work! Translation Practice • -Let’s practice translation! I’ll give you the m. RNA strand, and you figure out what amino acids it codes for. (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid) m. RNA strand: AUG AGU AAC CCA UAA amino acid chain: met ser asp pro stop

Types of RNA Messenger RNA- m. RNA Carries the message/ code from the nucleus to the ribosome Transfer t. RNA transfers the amino acids to the ribosome Ribosomal Makes RNA- r. RNA up the ribosome

Exit Slip: Sticky note In your own words explain how DNA is used to make proteins?

01/13/2014 Focus Lesson Grab your focus lesson from the front. Don’t forget our other procedures! Find your pencil box Clear your desk Have your id out for me to check Complete the diagram (middle) column.

Essential Question Why is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules so important? Daily Objectives: SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the production of proteins. SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand of DNA and a codon chart.

How will we get there? Last Class Review Reproduction Notes: Protein Synthesis Complete Page 35 Page 37 Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA Page 36 exit Slip Winter packet past due This Class Complete transcription and translation notes pg. 37 Hands on practice Process chart pg 38 Independent practice pg 39

Hands on practice Open your envelope Separate pieces by colors What do you observe? Can you infer what we will be reviewing?

Let’s build DNA Using your red pieces build the following DNA strand: Use the pieces with a flat top AGG AAC CTT Where would we find this in the eukaryotic cell? Find the name of this location in your pieces and place it above your DNA. Answer: Nucleus DNA is universal. (What does this mean? )

Remember DNA is double stranded! Using the same color (red) build the complementary DNA strand. Remember: DNA is where its AT! Your complement should look like this: TCC TTG GAA Do you remember which bonds hold the two strands of nucleotides together? Hydrogen bonds

This is DNA Double stranded 4 different nitrogenous bases: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Do you remember the monomers of DNA? Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)

The Process of DNA replication Why replicate DNA? To make more for daughter cells/ offspring Remember cell division? Standard: Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and common to all organisms When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? Interphase, Synthesis (S)- Before cell division

How does replication occur? 1. 2. Double helix separates- do this! Free floating DNA nucleotides (BLUE) in the nucleus pair up Rules of base pairing: A with T C with G

Results of replication 2 double stranded DNA molecules Both DNA molecules are identical Semi conservative replication One original strand (red) paired with one new strand (blue) Give an example of an organism that DNA replication occurs in. Answer: ALL organisms because DNA is universal!

Reset your original DNA strand It should be Red with Red AGG AAC CTT

The process of Transcription Where does this occur? Nucleus- Why because the DNA is there! transcription? To make a complementary RNA strand from an original DNA template You might be asking yourself: “Why is m. RNA needed? ” DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded!

Take out your green pieces Let’s make some m. RNA! What’s different about these pieces in comparison to the DNA? U- uracil, NO T- thymine RNA loves U!

Steps of Transcription 1. 2. 3. In the nucleus DNA unzips (separates) One strand of DNA will be used (top) Create a complementary m. RNA strand Use the green cutouts A pairs with U, G pairs with C 4. 5. m. RNA unzips from the DNA to go to the ribosome DNA zips back

Transcription results What did we just do? Made m. RNA from the DNA template What should your m. RNA strand look like? UCC UUG GAA What happens next to the m. RNA? Translation

The process of translation Where does this occur? Ribosome- organelle that makes proteins Why translation ? To make proteins (amino acid chains) from codons of m. RNA

CODONS are as easy as 1, 2, 3! A codon is a 3 nucleotide sequence of m. RNA Example: AUG What does AUG code for?

Steps of Translation 1. A single strand of m. RNA/ codons attaches to the ribosome 2. Find ribosome in your envelope t. RNA/anticodon (transfer RNA) RNA brings in an amino acid Use the white pieces Use the codon chart and the sticky note to identify the amino acids Attach your amino acid to the t. RNA/anticodon 3. 4. Amino acid chain elongates Protein is made- leaves ribosome

Let’s recap- Draw this on pg 38 Your proteins are what we see of you (phenotype). They are made from your DNA! Which process does each “? ” represent? ? ? ?

Independent practice, pg 39 You CAN do this! Volume level- 0 This is your time to assess what you know. If you need help raise your hand. You will have a quiz next class!