01092014 FOCUS LESSON We are working on the

01/09/2014 FOCUS LESSON We are working on the “Real World Example” column. TRY YOUR BEST. ABSENT LAST 2 Classes? Grab the new FCIM from the absent desk Don’t forget our other procedures! Clear your desk Life is tough, but so are you.

HOME LEARNING PAGE 12 AND 13 This homework was checked during the notebook check. Did you make any mistakes? Most Common Errors: RNA Nucleotide Where does Translation occur?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules so important? Daily Objectives: SWBAT explain how the structure of DNA codes for the production of proteins. SWBAT determine the proteins produced given a strand of DNA and a codon chart.

REVIEW TO BRING DNA AND PROTEINS TOGETHER http: //www. concord. org/~btinker/workbench_web/models/DNAmsg. ON. swf

Mutations! WHATNotes HAPPENS Page 15 WHEN of TOC THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (DNA) IS When good DNA goes BAD. INCORRECT?

GENETIC MUTATIONS SC. 912. L. 16. 4 1. EXPLAIN HOW MUTATIONS IN THE DNA SEQUENCE MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN PHENOTYPIC CHANGE. 2. EXPLAIN HOW MUTATIONS IN GAMETES MAY RESULT IN PHENOTYPIC CHANGE OF OFFSPRING.

ANSWER THESE IN THE TOP MARGIN ON PAGE 15 1. Are genetic mutations always bad? 2. Are genetic mutations always seen?

WHAT IS A MUTATION? A change in an organism’s DNA

GENE MUTATION Only one gene is affected, section of a chromosome Three Types:

POINT MUTATION One nucleotide gets substituted for another For example instead of TCG, you end up with ACG A

SILENT MUTATION A type of point mutation that does not result in a change in amino acid or protein Using a codon table (page 13 in your notebook) can you identify three silent mutations for the following nucleotide sequence? ACU (codes for the amino acid- threonine) 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide Shifts the entire sequence of nucleotides usually resulting in a different protein

UNDERSTANDING FRAMESHIFT Using this sentence to represent “codons” THE CAT ATE THE RAT White Board Practice: Show what would happen if the red E “nucleotide” were deleted. Remember… Codons are ALWAYS three letters!

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS What is a chromosome? A long series of nucleotides consisting of many genes

DUPLICATION A chromosomal mutation resulting from homologous pairs incorrectly crossing over Recall- When in the cell cycle can crossing over occur? An extra gene gets attached onto the end of a chromosome. Its like dad wears a loafer AND a high heel

TRANSLOCATION A piece of one chromosome crosses over with a nonhomologous chromosome Result can be missing genes How should these chromosomes have lined up? __________

TRANSLOCATION… IT JUST ISN’T RIGHT. Non-homologous: They don’t look alike, they aren’t the same size, shape, DIFFERENT GENES

MUTATIONS AND PHENOTYPE DNA codes for proteins A change in DNA may or may not mean a change in proteins Proteins control the way you look Explain the statements above using the terms genotype and phenotype

MUTATIONS AND OFFSPRING Mutations in somatic cells only affect the organism in which they occur. Recall- What is a somatic cell? Mutations in sex cells can be passed to off spring. Think- Pair- Share bottom of Page 14: If cells in a person’s arm mutate will that be passed onto their offspring? Why or Why not?

WHAT CAUSES MUTATIONS? Mutagen Agents in the environment that can change DNA UV rays Chemicals Carcinogens Though DNA “checks its work” sometimes it can’t keep up with the demand.

SPIDERMAN HANDOUT- PAGE 14 Double check your work and your answers? Do you need to change anything? Glue or tape it in!

IN THE TOP MARGIN OF PAGE 9 If you could design your perfect child, list some examples of their phenotypic characteristics? 1. - 2. Describe the phenotypes of hair color, eye color, skin color, etc. In a sentence describe why you choose those phenotypic characteristics.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ETHICAL? Let’s think- pair- share Dictionary. com definition pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct. Can you think of a situation in which you acted ethically? Raise your hand let’s share!

EXPLORE PAGE 8: Use your best reading strategies to explore the article on Designer Babies Answer the following on the lines of your page: What is your opinion on designing babies? Would you like the option to design your child? What are some ethical considerations that you think need to be addressed before designing children?

NOTES: WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY? - PAGE 9 What does the prefix bio mean? Life or living What is technology? the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area In your own words: What do you think biotechnology means?

USES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Genetic engineering cloning Genetically modified crops DNA finger printing Gene sequencing Gene therapy

GENETIC ENGINEERING The changing of an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits Rhesus Monkey Retro Question: What characteristic of DNA allows scientists to put the DNA of a firefly into the DNA of a monkey?

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS) Scientists can engineer a monkey to glow, because it’s cool… But what other reasons might they have to genetically modify organisms? Can you think of a way to modify plants/crops to help farmers? What kind of plant structures might they want to alter?

A genetically identical copy of a gene or organism Retro Question: What process creates a gamete? In a sheep, where does this process occur?

DNA FINGER PRINTING Like a finger print Sequence of organism’s DNA that can be used for identification purposes, matching to knowns Retro question: In the picture to the right what does each color represent?

GENE SEQUENCING Determining the order of nucleotides in genes or the entire genome Retro question: In the karyotype to the right do you see a chromosomal or a gene mutation?

GENE THERAPY The replacement of a defective or missing gene Retro Question: What is that newly inserted viral DNA going to create ? (What is a function of DNA? )

How would genetic engineering through the use of biotechnology affect genetic variation?

EXIT SLIP: CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. 2. Explain why a frameshift mutation would have a greater effect than a point mutation. If GUA is changed into GUU, will the resulting protein be affected? Explain.